Decent vs. descent

Decent 為形容詞,意為「像樣的;體面的」、「正派的;得體的」,如 Jocelyn didn’t have a decent meal for a month. (喬瑟琳一個月沒有吃一頓像樣的飯);John and Mary held a very decent wedding ceremony yesterday. (約翰和瑪麗昨天舉行了一場非常體面的婚禮);I only make friends with good decent guys. (我只跟正派的好人交朋友);His father was a decent guy. (他父親是個還不錯的人)。

Descent 為名詞,意為「下降;降落」、「墮落;淪落」(與 into 連用)、「血統;世系」(用於 by descent 和 be of Chinese/Korean etc descent 這兩個慣用語中)、「突然造訪;突然襲擊」,如 The plane made a sudden descent. (飛機突然下降);his gradual descent into alcoholism/into a life of crime (他逐漸嗜酒成癮/墮入犯罪生涯);His mother is Italian by descent. = His mother is of Italian descent. (他母親祖籍義大利);The descent on the pedestrians by a motorcycle gang made the headlines. (飆車族對行人的突然攻擊成為媒體報導的新聞)。

Decent 和 descent 在口語中不易造成混淆,因為它們發音不同,前者重音在第一音節,後者在第二音節。但在寫作中,它們經常被搞混,尤其是用 decent 代替 descent。

Q:What for? 和 For what? 的意思一樣嗎?

A:What (…) for? 和 For what? 的意思一樣,兩者為同義詞,意為「為什麼?」,主要用於口語,用來詢問某人為何做某事。例如:

  • John: I’m going to London tomorrow. (約翰:我明天要去倫敦)
    Mary: What for? (瑪麗:去做什麼?)
  • She’s decided to move to the suburbs. (她已決定搬到郊區)
    For what? (為什麼?)
  • What did Jack hit you for?
    = For what did Jack hit you? (傑克為什麼打你?)
  • What are you doing this for?
    = For what are you doing this? (你為什麼這樣做?)

為什麼這兩個片語的意思可以劃上等號呢? 有何語法依據或證明呢? 請看以下的說明:

首先我們來看下面的例句:

  • Kevin gave an overcoat to the beggar. (凱文給了那位乞丐一件大衣)

若針對 the beggar,使用疑問詞 who 將這句改成 wh-問句,則句子變成

  • Who did Kevin give an overcoat to? (凱文把大衣給了誰?)

句中 to 為介系詞。介系詞又叫前置詞 (這一名稱是從介系詞的英文 preposition 直譯而來),正式英文語法要求「前置詞」須放在關係詞的前面、不可置於句末,所以上句亦可寫成

  • To whom did Kevin give an overcoat?

事實上,這兩句的意思完全一樣,只是前者用於比較不那麼正式的場合,而後者用在非常正式的場合。

現在我們將上述的句型和文法觀念用來說明 “What (…) for?” 和 “For what?”。請看下面的例句:

  • Jessica sold her Dragon Year commemorative coin sets for money. (潔西卡為了錢賣掉了她的龍年紀念套幣)

若針對 money,使用疑問詞 what 將這句改成 wh-問句,則句子變成

  • What did Jessica sell her Dragon Year commemorative coin sets for? (潔西卡為了什麼把她的龍年紀念套幣賣了?)

同樣地,上句亦可寫成

  • For what did Jessica sell her Dragon Year commemorative coin sets?

這兩句的意思也完全一樣,只是前者用於比較不那麼正式的場合,而後者用在非常正式的場合。然而,在口語中,由於前後問答的關係,類似 did Jessica sell her Dragon Year commemorative coin sets 這樣的問句會被整個省略掉,使得上面那句變成 “What for?”,而下面那句變成 “For what?”,但兩者意思並無不同。

Q: You can try and love her. 和 You can try to love her. 這兩句有何不同呢?

A:這兩句的意思 (你可以試著愛她) 完全一樣,因為 try and 和 try to 幾乎可以互換。try and 是口語用法,而且相當常用,如 We are going to try and (= try to) find a solution to the problem. (我們將設法找到這問題的解決辦法),但它不能用在正式書面文件和正式寫作中。

然而,必須注意的是,在否定句中,用 try to 會比用 try and 來得好,如 She didn’t even try to be polite. (她甚至不想試著客氣一點)。此外,當 try 有數、時態等的變化時,亦即 try 變成 tries, tried, trying 時,一般都用 try to 而不用 try and,如 We’re trying to (不能用 trying and) improve our teaching methods. (我們正設法改進教學方法);They tried to (不能用 tried and) break into the house. (他們試圖闖入那房子)。

10 句實用口語

  1. What size shoes do you take / are you wearing? (你穿幾號鞋?)
  2. What ages are (不是 have) your children?/ What age is your child? (你的小孩年紀多大?)
  3. You don’t look your age. (你看上去比實際歲數年輕)
  4. The picture/photo doesn’t flatter you. (這張照片沒有你本人漂亮)
  5. I’m caught short. (我錢帶不夠 – 如買東西時發現錢帶不夠)
  6. My son has outgrown his clothes. (我兒子個子長大了衣服穿不下了)
  7. The toilet is backed up. (馬桶不通了)
  8. Mary is available. (瑪麗沒有男朋友)
  9. Mary is already taken. (瑪麗已經有男朋友)
  10. Our homeroom teacher is a real pain (in the ass/butt). (我們班導很機車)

若干真正實用的口語

Is there someone else? 你是不是有了新歡?
She is coming on to you. 她對你有意思。
He seems to be attracted to you. 他好像對妳有好感。
Are you hitting on her? 你在追她嗎?
She dumped me. 她把我甩了
He’s out of love. 他失戀了
Don’t break the date! 不要失約喔!
He finally asked me out. 他終於約我了
Don’t get it wrong! 別會錯意!
They mate for each other. 他們真是絕配。
I’m beat! 我累死了!
Shoot! 說吧! 有屁快放!
Am I boring you? 我讓你感到很煩嗎? 很無趣嗎?
Take a hike! 省省吧! 得了吧!
Take a walk! 省省吧! 得了吧!
Get in line! 等著吧! 不必了! 省省吧!
Take a number! 你省省吧! 你等著吧!
Drop dead! 去死吧!
Go to hell! 去死吧!
I laughed my ass off! 笑死我了!
What a crap! 一派胡言,胡說八道!
Cut that crap! 少胡說八道!
You’re shitting me! 你騙我!
You pissed me off! 你把我惹毛了!
That pisses me off! 那使我很火大!
Good my ass! 好個屁!
None of your God damned business! 沒你的事! 關你屁事!
Keep away! Go away! 走開!
Not even think about it! 想都別想,門都沒有!
You wanna play hard ball? I’m in game! 你要玩硬的,我奉陪!
Real bad! 真糟糕
My bad! 是我不好
How’s that? 怎麼會?