標籤: 關係副詞

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Q：在 The house which Allen lives in is the oldest in the community. 這句中，which 是否可以用 where 來代替呢?

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A：可以! Where 這個關係副詞所引導的關係子句或形容詞子句原本就是用來修飾先行詞為地點的名詞 (如 room, house, city, country 等等)。不過，若使用 where，就不可再用介系詞 (這裡是 in)；若不用 where，則須有介詞，但介詞可以挪到 which 的前面，使其變成 The house in which Allen lives is the oldest in the community. (艾倫居住的房子是本社區最老舊的)。再者，在這句中，which 亦可用 that (關係代名詞) 來替代，但後面仍須保留介詞，且介詞不可挪到 that 的前面，因為 that 的前面不可有介詞；不過，由於 which 或 that 都是 (介詞的) 受詞，因此均可省略。

綜上所述，問題中的句子總共有五種寫法：

  • The house where Allen lives is the oldest in the community.
  • The house which Allen lives in is the oldest in the community.
  • The house in which Allen lives is the oldest in the community.
  • The house that Allen lives in is the oldest in the community.
  • The house Allen lives in is the oldest in the community.

茲再舉一例來加深大家對這種關係子句句型的印象 (在此使用另一地點介詞 at)：

  • That is the restaurant where I will meet Cindy. (那是我要跟辛蒂會面的餐廳)
  • That is the restaurant which I will meet Cindy at.
  • That is the restaurant at which I will meet Cindy.
  • That is the restaurant that I will meet Cindy at.
  • That is the restaurant I will meet Cindy at.

所以，下面的句子都是錯的：

  • That is the restaurant which I will meet Cindy. (誤)
  • That is the restaurant that I will meet Cindy. (誤)
  • That is the restaurant I will meet Cindy. (誤)

至於另一關係副詞 when，則是用來修飾先行詞為時間的名詞 (如 time, day, year, century 等等)。它的用法與 where 雷同，但有兩個地方明顯不同，一是介詞不可以放在子句的末尾 (這與其他關係子句的介詞用法皆不同)，二是 that 可視為關係副詞。例如：

  • I’ll never forget the day when I first met my wife. (我永遠不會忘記我和內人初次見面的那一天)
  • I’ll never forget the day on which I first met my wife.
  • I’ll never forget the day that I first met my wife.
  • I’ll never forget the day I first met my wife.

若使用 when，就不可再用介詞 (時刻用 at；日期用 on；月份、季節和年份用 in)；若不用 when，則須有介詞，但介詞只能放在 which 的前面，若不用 which，則介詞要省略，不可放在句末。在 when 所引導的關係子句，我們可以用 that 來代替 when，因而這 that 被視為關係副詞。Which 在這兩種句型中皆是關代。

同樣地，茲再舉一例來加深大家對這種關係子句句型的印象 (在此使用另一時間介詞 in)：

  • December is the month when the weather is usually the coldest. (十二月通常是天氣最冷的月份)
  • December is the month in which the weather is usually the coldest.
  • December is the month that the weather is usually the coldest.
  • December is the month the weather is usually the coldest.

所以，下面的句子都是錯的：

  • December is the month which the weather is usually the coldest in. (誤)
  • December is the month that the weather is usually the coldest in. (誤)
  • December is the month the weather is usually the coldest in. (誤)
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Q：在下句中關係詞要用 which 還是 where 呢? My entire family now worships in the church (where or which) my great grandfather used to be a minister.

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A：有不少人的確不知道如何在關係子句中使用正確的關係詞。關係詞可分為關係代名詞和關係副詞，前者包括 who, whom, whose, that, which，而後者是指 where (表示地點的副詞)，when (表示時間的副詞) 和 why (表示原因的副詞)。My entire family now worships in the church (where or which) my great grandfather used to be a minister. (現在我們全家正在我曾祖父過去擔任牧師的教堂做禮拜) 這句應該使用 where 這個關係副詞，在此 where 修飾動詞 used to be，但 where 所引導的整個關係子句 (where my great grandfather used to be a minister) 則是修飾 church。

附帶一提的是，when 是用來修飾時間名詞，如 My favorite month is always February, when we celebrate Valentine’s Day. (我最喜愛的月份一直都是我們可以過情人節的二月)，而 why 是用來修飾 reason 這個名詞，如 Do you know the reason why Mary isn’t in class today? (你知道瑪麗今天缺課的原因嗎?)

不過，我們有時會在這類子句中省略關係副詞 why。另外，許多寫作者在表示「原因」時往往使用 that 來代替 why，但 that 可以省略：Do you know the reason (that) Mary isn’t in class today?；I know the reason (that) men like motorcycles. (我知道男人喜歡機車的原因)。再者，why 跟 that 一樣不能引導非限制性的關係子句，所以像 I know the reason, why men like motorcycles. 這樣的句子是錯誤的。

然而，在關係子句中，我們該如何判斷在什麼情況下使用關係代名詞，又在什麼情況下使用關係副詞呢?

方法一：由關係子句的動詞來判斷 — 當該動詞為及物動詞，且其後沒有受詞時，須使用關係代名詞；若該動詞為不及物動詞，或為及物動詞，但其後有受詞時，則使用關係副詞。

  • This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. (正 — stay 為不及物動詞)
    (這是我去年停留的山村)
  • This is the mountain village where I visited last year. (誤 — visit 為及物動詞)
  • This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year. (正 — which 可省略)
    (這是我去年造訪的山村)
  • I’ll never forget the days when I worked together with you. (正 — work 為不及物動詞)
    (我永遠不會忘記和你一起工作的日子)
  • I’ll never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. (誤 — spend 為及物動詞)
  • I’ll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside. (正 — which 可省略)
    (我永遠不會忘記在農村生活的日子)

上面的句子 “My favorite month is always February, when we celebrate Valentines’ Day.” 是屬於「及物動詞，但其後有受詞」的情況。

方法二：由先行詞來判斷 — 當先行詞在關係子句中做主詞、受詞或修飾語時，須使用關係代名詞；當先行詞在關係子句中做副詞時，則使用關係副詞。

  • This is the museum which the exhibition was held. (誤 — 這句的先行詞 museum 在關係子句中不是當主詞或受詞，而是當副詞用，即 in the museum：The exhibition was held in the museum.)
  • This is the museum where the exhibition was held. (正)
  • This is the museum in which the exhibition was held. (正 — 因為 in the museum 的關係，在此 where = in which)
    (這是舉行展覽的博物館)