Each 和 every 你完全分得清楚嗎?

不少人迄今仍無法把 each 和 every 分得一清二楚!Each 可用作代名詞和形容詞 (限定詞),指兩個或兩個以上之中的每一個;著重個別的情況,指若干固定數目中的每一個。Every 僅能用作形容詞,僅可指三個或三個以上之中的每一個,不能指兩個之中的每一個;著重整體的全部情況,指任何一個 (其中沒有一個例外)。例如:

  • Each of you has a job to do. (你們每個人都有工作要做) (正)
  • Every of you has a job to do. (你們每個人都有工作要做) (誤)
  • John had a cut on each hand/each of his hands. (約翰每隻手上都有傷口) (正)
  • John had a cut on every one of his toes. (約翰的每根腳指都有傷口) (正)
  • Taiwan, China, and South Korea every won two gold medals. (台灣、中國和南韓各得兩面金牌) (誤)
  • Each boy gets a prize. (每個男孩都得到一份獎品) (正)
  • Every boy gets a prize. (所有男孩都得到獎品) (正)
  • I have read every book in the school. (我已讀過學校裡的所有書籍) (正)
  • Each dog has a name. (每一隻狗都有牠自己的名字) (正)
  • Every dog has a name. (所有狗都有名字) (正)

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They, their 和 themselves 都可用作單數

當單數的人可能是男性或女性時,他們的代名詞可以使用主格的 he, he or she 或 they、所有格的 his, his or her 或 their 以及受格的 him, him or her 或 themselves。許多婦女不喜歡使用「雌雄莫辨」、不分性別的 he 來指人,她們往往使用 he or she, she or he 或者在口語中使用 they 來代替。例如:

  • Anyone can solve the problem if he tries. (如果大家都肯試試,任何人都能解決這問題) (正)
  • Anyone can solve the problem if he or she tries. (如果大家都肯試試,任何人都能解決這問題) (正) - 在書寫中,he or she 經常寫成 he/she 或 s/he。
  • Anyone can solve the problem if they try. (如果大家都肯試試,任何人都能解決這問題) (正)
  • Each person gave his opinion. (每個人都發表了意見) (正)
  • Each person gave his or her opinion. (每個人都發表了意見) (正) - 在書寫中,his or her 經常寫成 his/her。
  • Each person gave their opinion. (每個人都發表了意見) (正)
  • Each person must introduce themselves before performing. (每個人在表演之前必須先自我介紹) (正)

從上面例句可以看出,這樣的用法最常出現在 each, every, everyone (everybody), someone (somebody), anyone (anybody) 或 no one (nobody) 的句子中。它們雖然都接單數動詞,但除了在非常正式的演講或文章中,其後經常接複數代名詞。再來看下面的例句:

  • Each of them expressed their opinion. (他們每個人都發表了意見)
  • Has everyone finished their drinks/his or her drink? (每個人都把酒喝光了嗎?)
  • Someone’s stood you up, haven’t they? (有人放你鴿子,不是嗎?)

不過,要注意的是,everyone 或 everybody 僅能用來指人,其後絕不可接 of,而 every one 可以指每個人或每件事,其後通常接 of。例如:

  • Everyone in the class wants to take a day trip. (班上的每個人都想一日遊)
  • There are 30 students in the class and every one of them wants to go on a day trip. (這一班有 30 個學生,每個人都想一日遊)

Q:在 He’s on the finance committee which controls city council spending. 和 The human resources committee who are all scholars are going to meet on Thursday. 這兩句中,同樣是 committee,它們所用的關係代名詞為何一個是指事物的 which,而一個是指人的 who 呢?

A:committee, team, family, jury, government, audience, army, crew, company, firm (包括公司、機構和組織的名稱,如 UN, BBC, CNN, Sony 等等) 等字在英文中叫做「集合名詞」(collective nouns)。這些集合名詞後面可接單數或複數動詞。如果把它們視為一個整體,那麼它們就使用單數動詞及相對應的代名詞,且其關係代名詞須用 which (或 that);如果把它們視為個體的集合,那麼它們就使用複數動詞及相對應的代名詞,且其關係代名詞須用 who。

從上述可知,He’s on the finance committee which controls city council spending. (他是控制市議會支出的財政委會的委員) 中的 committee 被視為一個整體,即委員會,而 The human resources committee who are all scholars are going to meet on Thursday. (人力資源委員會的委員將在星期四開會。他們都是學者) 中的 committee 被視為個別成員,即委員會的所有委員。

在上下文中,有可能會出現上一句使用單數動詞,而下一句使用複數動詞的情況,如 The government is going to cut back on public spending. They have decided this is necessary in the current economic climate. (政府將削減公共支出。他們已決定,在目前的經濟氣候中,這是必要的措施)。請再看下面的例句:

  • My family, who have lived on this island all their lives, are determined to remain here. (我的家人一生都住在這個島上,他們決定繼續留在這裡)
  • My firm, which was established in 1932, has been manufacturing vacuum cleaners since the 1950s. They look after me very well and have an excellent pension scheme. (我的公司創立於 1932 年,自 1950 年代以來一直在製造吸塵器。他們很照顧我且有良好的退休金計畫)
  • The jury retires to consider its verdict. (陪審團退下去考慮該如何判決)
    The jury retire to consider their verdict.

一般而言,對於這類集合名詞,英式英語傾向於使用複數動詞,而美式英語則傾向於使用單數動詞。不過,當這些集合名詞前面有 a, each, every, this 或 that 等單數的限定詞時,它們一定要用單數動詞及相對應的代名詞。例如:

  • A government which fails to honor its promises should not be re-elected. (未能兌現諾言的政府不應再當選連任)
  • That team is capable of winning all the major trophies this year. (該隊有能力贏得今年所有重大比賽的獎盃)

然而,並非所有集合名詞 (英文約有 200 個常用的集合名詞) 都可以接單數或複數動詞。有些集合名詞只能接複數動詞,如 people, police, military, clergy, cattle 以及用做集合名詞的形容詞,如 the rich, the poor, the homeless 等;有些則只能接單數動詞 (尤其是無生命的物品 — 這些名詞被視為不可數),如 baggage, luggage, cutlery, furniture, underwear, china, earthenware, porcelain 等。