唐朝劉禹錫《陋室銘》中的名句「山不在高,有仙則名;水不在深,有龍則靈」,相信大家耳熟能詳。山的英文可用 mountain 或 hill 來表示,但它們主要的不同卻在於高度,而且越高的山越有名,與是否有仙人居住無關。雖然這兩個名詞之間的差異頗為容易分辨,但若干相關的重點仍值得注意與學習。
Mountain 意為「山;高山」,指的是高度較高、體積較大、坡度較陡的大山、高山或山脈 (mountain range),如 Everest is the highest mountain in the world. (聖母峰是世界最高的山);There are many mountain roads that are steep and winding. (有許多山路既陡峭又蜿蜒);The hunters went walking in the mountains. (獵人在山裡行走)。
Hill 意為「山丘;丘陵」,指的是高度較低、體積較小、坡度較緩的小山、小丘或小崗,如 The mansion of my boss stands on a hill. (我老闆的豪宅座落在山丘上);There are several ant hills over here. (這裡有好幾個蟻丘);Professor Lee and his students finally climbed to the top of the hill. (李教授和他的學生終於爬上小山的山頂)。
Mountain 也是山的泛指字,所以一般登山或爬山叫做 mountain climbing (= mountaineering),登山客叫做 mountain climber (= mountaineer),而不叫做 hill climbing 或 hill climber;至於登山腳踏車則是 mountain bike。雖然 mountain 和 hill 皆分別與 side 和 top 構成 mountainside 和 mountaintop 以及 hillside 和 hilltop,但這些字似乎不若同義的片語來得常用,如 There was no snow on the top of the mountain (or on the mountain top). (山頂已無積雪);The red brick house is situated on the side of the hill. (那紅磚屋座落在山坡上)。
此外,Mountain 亦可作比喻用法,意為「一大堆;大量」,如 Katy was buried under a mountain of paperwork. (凱蒂埋頭處理一大堆的文書工作)。除 mountain 和 hill 外,我們還經常會見到 mount 這個字,它可兼指 mountain 和 hill,但往往指前者。Mount 主要冠於山名之前,如 Mount Everest 或 Mt. Everest (聖母峰);再者,在單獨山峰之前不加定冠詞 the,如 Mount Blanc (白朗峰)、Mt. Ali (阿里山),但在山脈名稱前須加 the,如 the Himalayas (喜馬拉雅山)、the Alps (阿爾卑斯山)。