分類: 英語學習 – 句型

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Blame

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Blame 可當動詞和名詞用。當動詞時，blame 意為「責怪，怪罪，把…歸咎於」，其後經常接介系詞 for 和 on，而 for 後面再接問題的名稱，on 後面接問題的致因或造成問題的人，其句型結構為：(1) to blame + 人或事1 + for + 事2，即把事2怪罪於或歸咎於某人或事1；(2) to blame + 事2 + on + 人或事1，即把事 2 怪罪於或歸咎於某人或事1。請看下面的例句：

They blamed the Americans for the failure of the talks.
= They blamed the failure of the talks on the Americans. (他們把會談的失敗歸咎於美國人)
They blamed the rise in oil prices for the big increase in inflation. (他們把通貨膨脹大幅增長歸咎於石油價格上漲)

當動詞用時，blame 還有一個片語也滿常見的，那就是：be to blame (for)，意為「應 (為…) 承擔責任；該 (為…) 受責備」。例如：The students were not to blame for the fault. (那項錯誤怪不著這些學生)

當名詞用時，blame 意為「(對問題、壞事、過錯等所應負的) 責任」。這可分為兩方面來說，一是把該責任歸咎於某人，此時 blame 前面慣用的動詞是 lay 和 put；另一是某人承擔該責任，此時 blame 前面慣用的動詞是 take 和 bear。請看下面的例句：

The judge laid/put the blame for the accident on the driver of the truck. (法官把事故責任歸咎於卡車司機) – 這句中介系詞 for 和 on 的用法與上述結構相同。
We are ready to take/bear the blame for what has happened. (我們準備對所發生的事情承擔責任)

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「6123」結構

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這是一種句型的俗稱；由於這種句型實在太重要、太常用了，大家一定要把它學會，而且要運用自如。這種句型的基本結構為「find, make 等 6 個常用動詞 + it (形式受詞) + 形容詞/名詞 (受詞補語) + that 子句/不定詞片語/動名詞片語 (真正受詞)」。在此結構中，”6″ 是指主句中常用的 6 個動詞 (think, believe, make, find, consider, feel)，”1″ 是指形式受詞 it，”2″ 是受詞補語的兩種形式 (形容詞或名詞)，而 “3” 則是指真正受詞的3種形式 (不定式片語，動名詞片語或 that 所引導的受詞子句 — 這個that 不能省略)。請看下面的例句：

  1. We think it our duty to clean our classroom every day. (我們認為每天打掃教室是我們的責任) — 句中 it = to clean our…
  2. He felt it very important learning English well. (他覺得把英文學好很重要) — 句中 it = learning English…
  3. They found it difficult that they would finish their work in two days. (他們覺得要在兩天內完成他們的工作是有困難的) — 句中 it = that they would…。
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Those who 的句型

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Those (people) who = They/People who = Such (people) as + 複數動詞 – 意為「凡是…的人們」。這是 those who 的複數句型，但我們亦可用下面的單數句型來表達相同的意思：He/One who = Anyone who = Whoever + 單數動詞 – 意為「凡是…的人」。請看下面的例句：

Those who have money do not want for friends. (凡是有錢的人都不會缺乏朋友)
= Such as have money do not want for friends. (在這句中，as是當關係代名詞)
= He who has money does not want for friends.
= Whoever has money does not want for friends. (Whoever = Anyone who)

下面兩句分別是 those who (主格) 的受格 those whom 和所有格 those whose的應用：

No distance can sever those whom the fate unites. (有緣千里來相會)
Almighty Heaven is not indifferent to those whose hearts are earnest. (皇天不負苦心人)

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無否定意義的 too…to

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我們知道，too (+ adj./adv.)…to (+ V) 意為「太…不」，如 He is too old to walk fast. (他太老而走不快)，但在表示下列意思的形容詞中，too…to 並無否定意義，此時 too 相當於 very：

易於：ready, apt, inclined, liable, easy, prone, likely
渴望：anxious, eager
樂意：willing, forward

He is too ready to speak ill of others. (他易說別人壞話)
I am too apt to oversleep myself on holidays. (假日時我很容易睡過頭)
Many people are too anxious to get rich. (許多人非常渴望致富)
John was too willing to take my advice. (約翰很樂意接受我的忠告)

此外，若在 too 的前面加上 all, but, only 等字，那麼 too…to 也無否定意義，此時 all too = but too = only too = very。例如：

My first love came to an end all too soon. (我的初戀很快就結束了)
I’m only too pleased to inform you that your application has been accepted.
= I’m very pleased to inform you that your application has been accepted.
(我非常高興地通知您，您的申請已被接受)

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More of a/an + 名詞 + than + 名詞

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相信大家對於 more + 形容詞/副詞 + than 的句型應該不陌生，這是對兩件事或兩個人的動作性質或性格本質等所做的比較。例如：

John is more pompous (or pretentious) than Mike. (約翰比麥可更自負)
Calvin writes more beautifully than any other person in his office. (卡爾文寫的字比同辦公室的其他人都要好)

然而，如果比較的項目不是表示動作性質或性格本質的形容詞而是名詞，那麼我們就要使用「more of a/an + 名詞 + than + 名詞」的句型。事實上，這個句型與 more + 形容詞/副詞 + than 的句型可謂一體兩面，因為 of + 名詞 = 形容詞 (除 of 外，英文中所有介系詞 + 名詞都等於副詞)。例如：

He is more of a fool than I thought. (他比我想像的更笨)
= He is more foolish than I thought.

雖然，more…than 的意思是「比…更」，但當 than 的後面是接另一個形容詞或副詞時，它的意思就變成了「與其說是…還不如說是…」，而 more of a/an + 名詞 + than + 名詞就是這個意思。例如：

Optimization is more of an art than a science. (最佳化與其說是科學還不如說是藝術)
= Optimization is more artistic than scientific.

此外，我們也可使用 less…than 和 not so much…as 來表達相同的意思，但第一個和第二個形容詞的位置要對調，以上句為例：

Optimization is more artistic than scientific.
= Optimization is less scientific than artistic.
= Optimization is not so much scientific as artistic.

茲將這四種句型整理如下：
More of a/an + 名詞1 + than + 名詞2
= more + 形容詞1 + than + 形容詞2
= less + 形容詞2 + than +形容詞1
= not so much + 形容詞2 + as + 形容詞1
(與其說是名詞2/形容詞2還不如說是名詞1/形容詞1)

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與 detail 有關的三個實用句型

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寫作時，許多人都會寫到「某某事會在下一節或下一段詳細敘述」，此時就會用到 detail 這個字或其字形變化，因而形成三個非常實用的句型；它們分別是「某某事 + will be described in detail…」、「The details of 某某事 + will be described …」和「A detailed description of 某某事 + will be given…」。請大家務必熟記這三個歷久彌新、使用率超高的句型，將會受用無窮。譬如說，某某事就是前第一家庭的國際洗錢活動，那麼這三個句型的寫法如下：

  1. The international money laundering operations involving the former first family will be described in detail in the next paragraph. (前第一家庭的國際洗錢活動將在下一段詳細敘述)
  2. The details of the international money laundering operations involving the former first family will be described in the next paragraph.
  3. A detailed description of the international money laundering operations involving the former first family will be given in the next paragraph.

第1句也可改寫成下句，意思相同，亦同樣相當常用：

The international money laundering operations involving the former first family will be fully described in the next paragraph.

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“S + V…, and that …” 的強調句型

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這個強調句型雖不若 “It is/was + 被強調部分 + that 子句”來得常見，但用起來也是簡潔有力，擲地有鏗鏘之聲，語氣加強效果十分顯著。句中的 that 代替前面全部或部份句子，而 “and that” 意為「而且」。請看下面的例句：

  • All people seek after happiness, and that without any exception. (所有人都在追求幸福和快樂，而且沒有例外)
  • They fulfilled the task, and that in a few days. (他們完成了工作，而且是在幾天內就完成了)
  • I gave her some presents, and that the day before yesterday. (我給了她一些禮物，而且是在前天給的)
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so much so that + 主詞 + 動詞

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這句型時有所聞，意為「達到這樣的程度以致於」、「如此…以致於」，表示前因後果(cause and effect)。第一個 so 是「如此地；這樣地」，第二個 so 是代名詞，代表前面所提過的某件事或某一概念。

  1. He is ill, so much so that he cannot walk alone. (他病得很重，連路都走不了)
  2. He is rich, so much so that he can buy anything he wants. (他很有錢，有錢得可以買任何他想要的東西)
  3. John is clever, so much so that he can solve most of the problems. (約翰很聰明，聰明得可以解決大多數的問題)
  4. The patient was very tired when he returned from the ride, so much so that he could not sit up. (病人坐車回家時非常疲倦，疲倦得不能坐起來)
  5. He is poor, so much so that he can hardly get enough to live. (他很窮，窮得幾乎無法過活)

➤ 這篇文章對 so much so that 提供更詳細的說明。