Q:在 He’s on the finance committee which controls city council spending. 和 The human resources committee who are all scholars are going to meet on Thursday. 這兩句中,同樣是 committee,它們所用的關係代名詞為何一個是指事物的 which,而一個是指人的 who 呢?

A:committee, team, family, jury, government, audience, army, crew, company, firm (包括公司、機構和組織的名稱,如 UN, BBC, CNN, Sony 等等) 等字在英文中叫做「集合名詞」(collective nouns)。這些集合名詞後面可接單數或複數動詞。如果把它們視為一個整體,那麼它們就使用單數動詞及相對應的代名詞,且其關係代名詞須用 which (或 that);如果把它們視為個體的集合,那麼它們就使用複數動詞及相對應的代名詞,且其關係代名詞須用 who。

從上述可知,He’s on the finance committee which controls city council spending. (他是控制市議會支出的財政委會的委員) 中的 committee 被視為一個整體,即委員會,而 The human resources committee who are all scholars are going to meet on Thursday. (人力資源委員會的委員將在星期四開會。他們都是學者) 中的 committee 被視為個別成員,即委員會的所有委員。

在上下文中,有可能會出現上一句使用單數動詞,而下一句使用複數動詞的情況,如 The government is going to cut back on public spending. They have decided this is necessary in the current economic climate. (政府將削減公共支出。他們已決定,在目前的經濟氣候中,這是必要的措施)。請再看下面的例句:

  • My family, who have lived on this island all their lives, are determined to remain here. (我的家人一生都住在這個島上,他們決定繼續留在這裡)
  • My firm, which was established in 1932, has been manufacturing vacuum cleaners since the 1950s. They look after me very well and have an excellent pension scheme. (我的公司創立於 1932 年,自 1950 年代以來一直在製造吸塵器。他們很照顧我且有良好的退休金計畫)
  • The jury retires to consider its verdict. (陪審團退下去考慮該如何判決)
    The jury retire to consider their verdict.

一般而言,對於這類集合名詞,英式英語傾向於使用複數動詞,而美式英語則傾向於使用單數動詞。不過,當這些集合名詞前面有 a, each, every, this 或 that 等單數的限定詞時,它們一定要用單數動詞及相對應的代名詞。例如:

  • A government which fails to honor its promises should not be re-elected. (未能兌現諾言的政府不應再當選連任)
  • That team is capable of winning all the major trophies this year. (該隊有能力贏得今年所有重大比賽的獎盃)

然而,並非所有集合名詞 (英文約有 200 個常用的集合名詞) 都可以接單數或複數動詞。有些集合名詞只能接複數動詞,如 people, police, military, clergy, cattle 以及用做集合名詞的形容詞,如 the rich, the poor, the homeless 等;有些則只能接單數動詞 (尤其是無生命的物品 — 這些名詞被視為不可數),如 baggage, luggage, cutlery, furniture, underwear, china, earthenware, porcelain 等。

Q:關於字尾為 -y 的雙音節形容詞,其比較級和最高級分別為去掉 -y 加 – ier 和 -iest。那麼複合形容詞如 easy-going 或 user-friendly 的比較級和最高級是寫成 easier-going, easiest-going, user-friendlier, user-friendliest,還是寫成 more easy-going, most easy-going, more user-friendly, most user-friendly呢?

A:一般而言,單音節形容詞 (和副詞) 係在字尾加上 -er 和 -est 來構成比較級和最高級,而三音節 (含) 以上的形容詞則是在其前分別加上 more (或 less) 和 most (或 least) 來構成比較級和最高級。

雙音節形容詞比較棘手,因為它們有的是加上 -er 和 -est,有的是使用 more (或 less) 和 most (或 least) 來構成比較級和最高級,另有一些雙音節形容詞則是兩種型態都可以。請看下面的解說:

第二音節弱讀 (非重音節) 的雙音節形容詞通常採用 -er/-est 型態。

simple simpler simplest
clever cleverer cleverest

以 -ful / -less / -ing / -ed / -ous 為字尾的雙音節形容詞都是以 more 和 most 來構成比較級和最高級。

boring more boring most boring
worried more worried most worried
anxious more anxious most anxious
careful more careful most careful
hopeless more hopeless most hopeless

若干雙音節形容詞則兩種型態都可以。

common commoner/more common commonest/most common
shallow shallower/more shallow shallowest/most shallow
friendly friendlier/more friendly friendliest/most friendly
pleasant pleasanter/more pleasant pleasantest/most pleasant

字尾為 -y 的雙音節形容詞,其比較級和最高級幾乎都是去掉 -y 加 – ier 和 -iest。這可是一項通則! 注意:加上字頭 un- 並不多算一個音節,所以 untidy, unhealthy 等字還是以「兩個音節」來計算。

pretty prettier prettiest
happy happier happiest
dirty dirtier dirtiest
untidy untidier untidiest
unhealthy unhealthier unhealthiest

至於複合形容詞 (compound adjectives) — 亦稱為用連字號連接的形容詞 (hyphenated adjectives),通常使用 more 和 most 來構成比較級和最高級,這是通則。但有些複合形容詞可能 -er/-est 和 more/most 型態兼而有之。依個人淺見 (In my humble opinion — IMHO),問題中提到的兩種比較級和最高級型態,似乎都有可能,如 easy-going 的比較級可以寫成 easier-going 或 more easy-going,而最高級寫成 easiest-going 或 most easy-going。不過,由於 easy-going 現在都拼寫成 easygoing,其比較級和最高級無庸置疑地須寫成 more easygoing 和 most easygoing;這也免除了到底要使用 -er/-est 還是 more/most 的困擾。

Q:我們不能說 I have met him five years ago.,而必須說 I have met him before.。為什麼 before 可以跟現在完成式連用,而 ago 卻不行呢?

A:before 和 ago 皆意為「以前」,但前者指的是「現在之前的任何時間」(亦即指過去某個不確定的時間),而後者是指「現在之前的某個確定的時間」。所以,before 可以跟現在完成式連用,而 ago 只能用於簡單過去式。例如:

  • I know that guy. I’ve met him somewhere before. (我知道那個人。我以前在某個地方見過他)
  • Have you been here before? (你以前有來過這裡嗎?)
    No, I’ve never been here before. This is my first time. (沒有,我以前從未來過這裡。這是第一次。)
  • Your mother phoned five minutes ago. Can you phone her back? (你母親 5 分鐘前來電。你可以給她回電嗎?)
  • I saw her for the first time at the National Palace Museum some twenty years ago. (我約 20 年前在國立故宮博物院首次見到她)

before 通常跟現在完成式連用,但也可用於簡單過去式。

  • I know that guy. I met him somewhere before.
  • Were you here before?
    No, I was never here before. This is my first time.
  • We were all students before. (我們以前都是學生)

ago 所指的時間都是從現在開始往以前推算,但 before 所指的時間除了上述也是從現在開始往以前推算之外,還可指從過去某個時間點往更早之前推算的時間。所以,當我們要表示比 ago 更早的時間時,我們只能用 before (that) 或 earlier 或 previously,而不能用 ago。在這種句子中,ago 用簡單過去式,而 before 用過去完成式。例如:

  • My grandfather died five years ago; my grandmother had already died three years before (that)/previously/earlier. (我祖父 5 年前過世,而我祖母在那之前 3 年就已經過世了 — 亦即祖母是在 8 年前過世)
  • I met my ex-girlfriend at a hotel in Bangkok in December 2006 when she told me that she had got married four years before. (2006 年 12 月我在曼谷一家飯店遇見我前女友,當時她告訴我,她在那之前 4 年就已結婚了 — 亦即她在 2002 年結婚)
  • Last year I went back to my hometown that I had left ten years before. (去年我回到暌違 10 年的故鄉 — 亦即我在 11 年前離開故鄉)

Q:由於 compare 也可當名詞用,有些字典甚至把它的英文註釋寫成 comparison,那麼請問是否可以將 There is no comparison… 寫成 There is no compare…?

A:不可以! 雖然 compare 也可當名詞用,但它僅限於與 beyond, without 和 past 構成 beyond compare, without compare 和 past compare 等文學或書面用語; 這三個片語是同義詞,意為「無可比擬的,無與倫比的」,如 The service is beyond/without/past compare. (該項服務無與倫比)。

除上述外,再也找不到當名詞用的 compare 的其他應用了。所以,There is no comparison 不能寫成 There is no compare,何況前者還是個慣用語,意為「不能相提並論」,如 There’s no comparison between frozen and fresh fish. (冷凍魚與新鮮魚沒法比);I never loved her the way I love you; there’s no comparison. (我從來沒有像愛妳那樣愛過她;兩者不能相提並論)。

Q:在 For the third year running the company has made a big loss. 這句中,running 是什麼意思?

A:running 在此的意思為「連續地」,當副詞用;所以這句的意思是「該公司連續 (第) 三年發生重大虧損」。此一用法應可在一般的字典中找得到。除 running 外,英文中還有幾個字和片語也可表達完全相同的意思。請看下面的例句:

  • She won the prize for the second year running. (她連續第二年贏得這個獎)
    = She won the prize for the second year in a row.
    = She won the prize for the second consecutive year.
    = She won the prize for the second straight year.
  • After 10 wins running our team finally lost. (我們球隊在連贏10場之後終於輸了)
    = After 10 wins in a row our team finally lost.
    = After 10 consecutive wins our team finally lost.
    = After 10 straight wins our team finally lost.

Q:在表達「目的」的觀念時,我經常被 for 和 to 搞得一頭霧水,不知何時該用 for,又何時該用 to?

A:1. 當我們要表達動作的目的 (purpose) 時,可以使用 「for + 名詞」或「to + 不定詞」來表示。例如:

  • I’m going to New York next week for an interview. I hope to work for the UN. (下週我要到紐約接受面試。我希望為聯合國工作)
  • I’ve come to Taipei to attend a seminar and to meet some old friends of mine. (我來台北參加座談會並會見一些老朋友)

2. 當我們要表達東西或物品的用途 (purpose) 時,要使用 「for + V-ing」來表示。例如:

  • What are these two knives used for? (這兩把刀做什麼用?)
    This one is for cutting bread and that one is just for slicing meat. (這把是用來切麵包,而那把只用來切肉片)

3. What… for? 的問句既可表示動作的目的亦可表示東西的用途。例如:

  • What did you do that for? (為什麼你要那樣做 — 目的為何?)
    = Why did you do that? (這裡 What… for? 等於 Why…?)
  • What are these two buttons for? (這兩個按鈕做什麼用 — 用途為何?)
    The blue one is for opening the door and the green one is for closing the door. (藍色按鈕用來開門,而綠色按鈕用來關門)

Q:在 There is a vacancy for a computer programmer in most every company. 這句中,most 是否為 almost 之誤?

A:非也! 在 There is a vacancy for a computer programmer in most every company. (幾乎每家公司都有電腦程式設計師的缺額) 這句中,most 就是 almost。

大多數著名的英文字典都會提到 most (副詞) 也有 almost 的意思。根據 Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary of English Usage 及 The New Fowler’s Modern English Usage,這一用法自 16 世紀以來就已存在 (最初是在蘇格蘭使用),係肇因於 almost 經常被寫成 ‘most,而後來就變成了 most。儘管現今在英國僅若干方言會有使用 most 來代替 almost 的情況,但在美式英語中,這卻是一種標準或正規的用法 (standard usage) — 雖然是屬於非正式用法。請看下面的例句:

  • She plays cards most every evening. (她幾乎每天晚上都玩牌)

Q:see 和 feel 有時也可用進行式,對不對?

A:沒錯,這兩個動詞一般都不用進行式,但在某些情況中則可以;至於它們是否能以進行式的型態出現,完全取決於它們在上下文中的意思而定。

see = understand,意為「懂得,知道,明白,瞭解」(從不用進行式)。

當 see 的意思相當於 understand 時,它可以跟 that/why/what/how 所引導的子句連用,但從不用進行式。

  • I can see why you’re angry, but it’s not my fault. (我可以理解你為何生氣,但那不是我的錯)
  • I saw that he was angry and I thought it better not interrupt him. (我知道他在生氣,所以我認為最好還是不要去打擾他)
  • I can see now how easily he loses his temper. (我現在瞭解到他很容易發脾氣)

see = find out,意為「發現,查明」(從不用進行式)。

當 see 的意思相當於 find out 時,它通常跟 if 子句連用,但從不用進行式。

  • He returned to the scene of the accident to see if any help was needed. (他重返出事現場,看看是否需要任何協助)
  • I’ll see if I can buy you a lunch box on my way home. (我會看看是否可以在回家途中幫你買個便當)

see = meet / date or go out with,意為「約會;會晤,會面」(往往用進行式)。

當 see 意為約會時,它幾乎都是用進行式。至於其他形式的會晤、見面,有時也用進行式。

  • Are you still seeing Steven? (你還在跟史蒂芬交往嗎?)
    Oh no, I stopped seeing him months ago. (哦,不! 幾個月前我就不再跟他交往了)
  • I’ve been seeing quite a lot of Martin recently. He’s very nice. (最近我跟馬丁約會得很頻繁。他很棒。)
  • I don’t have an appointment, but is there any chance that Mr. Lee could see me this afternoon? (我沒有預約,但李先生今天下午可以見我嗎?)
    Well, he’s seeing the Korean ambassador at three o’ clock but he could possibly see you after that. (嗯,他下午三點要會晤韓國大使,之後他或許可以跟你見個面)

feel = think,意為「認為」(不用進行式)。

當 feel 的意思相當於 think 時,它通常跟 that (可以省略) 子句或 about 片語連用。當你使用 feel 來取代 think 時,你所表達的觀點可能比較著重於個人主觀 (或個人情緒) 的看法,而比較少講求證據。

  • I feel that more should be done to help disadvantaged people. (我認為在幫助弱勢族群上應該要做得更多)
  • What do you feel about this idea? (你認為這主意怎麼樣?)

feel = touch or physical/emotional state,意為「觸摸;覺得」(經常用進行式)。

  • I was feeling under the bed to see if the cat was still there. (我在床底下觸摸,看看那隻貓是否還在)
  • Are you feeling better? (你覺得好點沒有?)
    Yes, I feel fine now. (是的,我現在覺得很好)
  • How are you feeling today? (你今天覺得怎麼樣?)

Q:請問 The book is sold well. 這句對嗎?

A:乍看之下,這是一個正確的句子,但其實它並不合英文語法及習慣用法,因為英文中有些動詞是以主動態來表示被動的意思,如 sell, read, cut, wash, cook… 等等。請看下面的例句:

  • The book sells well. (這本書賣得很好)
  • Her letter reads as follows…. (她的信件內容如下…)
  • The book doesn’t read very well. (這本書不好讀)
  • This knife cuts easily. (這刀子很鋒利/很好用)
  • This shirt doesn’t wash well. (這襯衫不耐洗)
  • Make sure the meat cooks for at least an hour. (要讓肉至少煮上一個小時)

Q:下面的句子對嗎? You probably can’t imagine that it has already taken me some quarters of an hour just to think of an appropriate subject to talk about. (你可能無法想像光是想一個適當的話題就已花了我近一小時的時間)

A:這個句子的語法完全正確,但語意不合邏輯,問題出在 some 這個字上。”some” 的限定詞用法有重讀 (stressed) 和弱讀 (unstressed) 之分,而這兩種讀法的意思有相當大的出入。

some 在時間副詞中必須重讀,而在其他場合則是弱讀;在重讀的情況中,當它與可數名詞連用時,它的意思是「相當多;不少」(quite a few),而不是「一些」(a few)。所以,some days ago 的意思不是「幾天前」(a few days ago),而是「好多天前」(quite a few days ago);for some time 的意思不是「一會兒」(for a while/a short time),而是「相當長的一段時間」(for quite a while/a fairly long time)。比較下列兩句:

  • I thought about your proposal for some weeks (i.e. for quite a few weeks). (你的提議我考慮了不少個禮拜)
  • I bought some books today (i.e. a few books). (今天我買了一些書)

問題中的句子想要表達的意思是弱讀的 some,但這樣的 some 通常不出現在時間副詞中:

  • I bought some books. (我買了一些書) (正)
  • I walked for some hours. (我走了好多個小時) (誤)

但弱讀的 some 可以出現在下句中:

  • Give me some time to think about it. (請給我一些時間來考慮這件事)

因為這裡的 some time 是名詞片語 (做動詞 give 的直接受詞),並不是時間副詞。相較之下,我們不可說:

  • I thought about it for some time. (這件事我考慮了相當長一段時間)