Glimpse, glance

這兩個字皆可當名詞和動詞用,意思也極為相似,皆有「瞥見,一瞥,看一眼」之意。當名詞時,它們通常跟不同的介系詞連用,glimpse 是與 of 連用,而 glance 通常接 at:I got/had a glimpse of her. (我看了她一眼);I took/had a glance at her. (我看了她一眼)。

當動詞用時,這兩個字的用法並不相同。glimpse 通常用作及物動詞,如 They glimpsed a village through the trees. (他們透過林隙隱約看見一個村莊) – 雖然 glimpse 也可當不及物動詞,但非常罕見,如 He glimpsed at my new watch and said it was a good bargain. (他看了一眼我的新錶,說買得很划算)。glance 幾乎都是當不及物動詞用,如 He glanced at the envelope and recognized his uncle’s handwriting. (他瞥了一眼那個信封,認出是他叔叔的筆跡);The bullet glanced off the tree and went through the window. (子彈擦過樹打穿了窗戶) — glance off (something) 為片語動詞,意為「擦過;掠過」。

這裡要注意的一點是,由於 glimpse 通常用作及物動詞,所以其後不可接 of 再接受詞,而是直接接受詞。這與 approach, discuss 和 lack 等字的情況一樣,由於這些字都是及物動詞,後面必須直接接受詞,但它們的名詞 approach, discussion 和 lack 的後面則必須分別接 to, about 和 of 再接受詞。所以,如果你在當動詞用的 approach, discuss 和 lack 後面接相應的介系詞再接受詞,那就大錯特錯了。這問題筆者已在「Approach, discuss 和 lack 這三個動詞有什麼關係呢?」一文中詳加闡述。

Chance, opportunity

Chance 當名詞用時可跟介系詞 at, for, of 和 on 連用:Mary has a chance at winning. (瑪麗有獲勝的機會);The meetings are very short, so there is little chance for real discussion. (會議都很短,所以沒有什麼機會進行真正的討論);For the first time in 15 years, they have a realistic chance of winning an election. (15 年來,他們首次有了贏得選舉的實際可能);I’ll take a chance on entering. (我將冒險進入) – to take a chance (on) = to take chances,意為「冒險;碰運氣」,如 It is just not worth taking any chances. (這事根本不值得去冒險)。此外,chance 亦可接帶 to 的不定詞:Participants are given/offered/provided the chance to learn another language. (參加者有機會學習另一種語言)。

當動詞用的 chance 可與數個介系詞及帶 to 的不定詞連用。 chance 可接on/upon, by 和 into 等介系詞,但以 chance on/upon 最常見,意為「偶然發現;巧遇」,如:I was browsing in a bookshop when I chanced upon an old friend. (我在逛書店時巧遇一位老朋友)。接不定詞時,意思亦同,如 I chanced to meet an old friend in the park today. (今天我在公園碰巧遇見一位老朋友)。上述的用法都是正規英語。

Opportunity 僅當名詞用,通常接帶 to 的不定詞,如 The program gives students the opportunity to learn more about global warming. (這節目讓學生有機會瞭解更多有關全球暖化的情況)。opportunity 亦常與介系詞 for 和 of 連用 (for 和 of 後面接動名詞、名詞和名詞片語):The job pays well, but there’s not much opportunity for career advancement. (這份工作報酬不錯,但卻沒有多少職業升遷的機會);Soon he had an opportunity of explaining that to her. (不久他便有了向她解釋那件事的機會)。

由上可知,chance 和 opportunity 意為「機會」時可謂同義字,如 I’ll have a chance/an opportunity to visit the Louvre when I’m in Paris. (我到了巴黎將有機會參觀羅浮宮);然而,chance 還有「可能性」的意思,這是 opportunity 所沒有的,因此在表示這意思時,我們只能用 chance 而不能用 opportunity,如 There is a chance (不可用 opportunity) that I’ll see him. (我有可能見到他) – 在此,chance 等於 possibility。

Possessed

Possessed 後面通常接介系詞 of, by 或 with。這個過去分詞形容詞與 of 連用時意為「擁有」(have):She was possessed of a large estate. (他過去擁有許多資產);That child is possessed of a sharp tongue. (那個小孩說話很刻薄)。possessed 和 of 之間可插入反身代名詞,但此時意為「弄到;找到」(get hold of):She possessed herself of her daughter’s diary. (她自己找到她女兒的日記)。possessed 與 by 或 with 連用時意為「瘋狂的;著魔的;鬼迷心竅的」:The prosecutor described him as a man possessed by (or with) an urge to kill. (檢察官形容他是個有瘋狂的殺人衝動的男子)。

必須注意的是,雖然 possessed 是 possess (擁有,持有) 的過去分詞,但在 He was possessed by an urge to kiss her. (他有一種難以自持的衝動想要吻她) 這樣的句子中,be possessed by 並非 possess 的被動結構,因為 possess 雖是及物動詞但卻不能用於被動態。例如,我們可以說 The criminal possessed three guns. (這罪犯擁有三把槍),但卻不能說 Three guns were possessed by the criminal.。英文中還有一些及物動詞跟 possess 一樣是沒有被動態的,如 lack (缺乏)、suit (適合)、last (維持)、cost (花費) 等。筆者在「網路翻譯家文法問題與解答第4集第3篇」單元中有針對這問題做了頗為詳盡的說明,有興趣的網友可參閱之。

As well as

As well as 可當附屬連接詞和介系詞用,當連接詞時,它是標準英語,意為「和…一樣」:You know as well as I that he’s a fool. (你和我一樣都知道他是個笨蛋);Do your homework as well as you can. (盡你所能把家庭作業做好)。當介系詞用時,意為「除…之外;而且,也,和」(in addition to):He received a new car, as well as several smaller gifts. (他收到一部新車和數個較小的禮物 / 除了數個較小的禮物,他還收到一部新車)。然而,許多起初看似介系詞的用法其實是標準的附屬連接詞 (下句 as well as 後面沒有受詞):Visitors came from Canada and the United States, as well as from Europe and the Near East. (遊客來自加拿大和美國,而且也來自近東) – 近東通常指地中海東部沿岸地區,包括非洲東北部和亞洲西南部,有時還包括巴爾幹半島 (資料來源:大英百科)。

當 as well as 使句子的主詞變成複合主詞 – 所以要使用複數動詞 – 時,或者當 as well as 及其受詞被語調或逗點隔開,因此使第二部分成為不影響主動詞一致的插入語句時,這片語就會發生用法上的問題:Their seven-foot center as well as their huge forwards were simply too tall for our average-sized players. (他們七呎高的中鋒以及人高馬大的前鋒對我們一般身材的球員來說簡直太高了);Their seven-foot center, as well as their huge forwards, was simply too tall for our average-sized players. (除了人高馬大的前鋒外,他們七呎高的中鋒對我們一般身材的球員來說簡直太高了)。這兩種主動詞一致都是合乎語法的正規英語,但第二個例句顯然不得體 – 英文中,與 as well as 插入語句用法和意思相似的字詞還有 along with, together with 和 plus 等。

或許比上面任何一個例句都要來得好的句子就是捨棄 as well as 而改採不同的寫法:Their center was too tall, and so were [as were] their forwards. (他們的中鋒太高,而他們的前鋒也是)。請務必確定語調或標點符號能反映你所要表達的方式並據此確定主詞是單數還是複數。此外,當字面上的意思可能出現模稜兩可的情況時,as well as 也最好不用,如 Mark plays bowling as well as Peter. 這句可能意為「馬克和彼得都打保齡球」,但也可能意為「馬克和彼得的保齡球打得一樣好」。

Advance, advancement (nn.) / advance, advanced (adjs.)

當名詞用時,advance 意為「前進,(尤指軍隊的) 推進」,如 The rebels continued their advance on the capital city. (叛軍繼續向首都推進) – advance 後面接介系詞 on 或 upon 來表示推進的方向;advance 也意為「進步,進展」,如 a major advance in molecular biology (分子生物學的重大進展)。advancement 亦有「進步,進展」的意思,如 There have been great advances [advancements] of medicine in the last 50 years. (近50年來醫學已有巨大的進步),此時 advance 和 advancement 是同義字,但 advance 比較常用 – 此外,advance 後面的介系詞雖可使用 of,但通常使用 in。

Advancement 通常用作比喻,指事業上的升遷或晉升 (career advancement),如 There is plenty of room for advancement within the company. (這公司內部有足夠的升遷空間)。與 advance 不同的是,advancement 通常暗示有引起變化的因素或外力的存在,亦即有「促進」的意思。因此,the advance of science 只是指科學的進步,而 the advancement of science 則暗示這項進步是肇因於人為的行動或外力:The purpose of the legislation was the advancement of science. (這項立法旨在促進科學發展)。在其他特殊的意思上,advance 意為「預付款」(為協助作者或銷售員應付日常開銷而事先給的錢):The author has signed a publishing deal for an advance of NT$ 50,000. (這位作者簽了一份出版協議,預付款為台幣5萬元)。

Advance 亦可當形容詞用,但它與相似字 advanced 是兩個意思截然不同的形容詞。advance (僅能用於名詞前) 意為「事先的,預先的,提前的」:Please give me advance notice. (請事先通知我);We sent advance copies of the new book to all the papers. (我們在新書發行之前向所有報社寄送樣書)。advanced 意為「先進的;高等的,高級的,高階的」:Ancient Greece was an advanced civilization. (古希臘是個先進的文明國家);My younger sister studied advanced math. (我妹妹學過高等數學)。

Following

Following 可以用作名詞、形容詞、介系詞以及動詞 follow 的現在分詞。當名詞用時,following 意為「下列內容、事項等」,如 Please read the following carefully. (請仔細閱讀下列內容)。當形容詞 (僅置於名詞之前) 用時,意為「下面的,下述的,下列的;接著的,接下來的」,如 He did it for the following reasons. (他這樣做有下面幾個原因);They were married in 1990 and had a daughter the following year. (他們於1990年結婚,第二年就生了個女兒)。當介系詞 (後接名詞) 用時,意為「在…之後」,如 Following months of uncertainty, the government has finally announced its decision. (政府在猶豫數月後,終於宣布了決定)。用作動詞 follow (意為「跟隨;沿著…行進;遵循,按照;密切注意」等) 的現在分詞時,如 Following her to the MRT station, he asked her to have dinner with him. (跟著她走到捷運站,他邀她共進晚餐)。

必須注意的是,following 可能產生一個用法上的問題 — 在 following 既可當介系詞亦可當現在分詞的句子中,可能出現語意模稜兩可的情況。例如,在 Police have arrested a man following extensive inquiries. 這句中,如果 following 是介系詞,那麼這句的意思是「在廣泛的調查 (結束) 之後,警方逮捕了一名男子」;若 following 是現在分詞,則這句的意思是「警方根據多方的打探 (或調查) 已逮捕一名男子」。所以,當句子有這種疑義發生時,應改寫句子或使用其他同義字來代替 following,如以 after 來代替當介系詞用的 following,俾使句子的意思一目了然,殆無疑義。

Want / want for / want down, want in, want into, want off, want out, want up / want that

Want 這個動詞有三個主要意思:1.「要,想要」:He wants you to see him in Taipei without fail. (他要你務必在台北見他);2.「缺乏,缺少」:This deck of cards wants a nine of clubs. (這副牌缺了一張梅花9);3.「應該」(ought to or should):You want to tell him the truth. (你應該把實情告訴他)。第1和第2個意思無疑地是標準英語,而第三個意思通常僅限用於口語和非正式寫作。

我們知道,當 want 意為「要,想要」時,它的後面是緊接著不定詞結構,而不是接 for:I want you to go. (我要你去) – 不是I want for you to go.。然而,當 want 和不定詞在句中被分開時,這時候就要使用 for:What I want is for you to go. (我想要的是你去);I want very much for you to go. (我很想要你去)。當意為「缺乏,缺少」時,它通常接 for:They’ll not want for anything now that they’ve inherited his estate. (既然他們已繼承他的遺產,他們將一切無缺了)。

Want down, want in, want into, want off, want out, want up 這些片語最好的情況僅能被視為方言,但大多數情況都被視為非正規英語,不合語法,應避免使用:Could you hold on a moment? The kid wants down [up]. (請稍等一會兒,好嗎? 孩子想要下來/上來);The cat’s at the back door and wants in [out]. (貓在後門想要進來/出去);She wants into Cambridge University. (她想上劍橋大學);He accepted the appointment just last month, but now he wants out. (他上個月甫接受這項職位,但現在卻想掛冠求去);She wants off at the next stop. (她想在下一站下車)。正規英語都會在 want 後面加上不定詞再加介系詞而不會僅單獨使用 down, in, into, off, out, up (即 wants to come in, wants to get down, into, out, off, up),但不少人卻仍經常在輕鬆的場合不經意地使用這些片語。

Want 後面不可接 that 子句,所以像 She wants that you should come upstairs. (她要你上樓) 這樣的句子都是非正規英語,不合語法。如上述,want 後面接不定詞才是合乎語法的正規英語:She wants you to come upstairs.。

Plan

Plan 可當名詞和動詞用。當名詞用時,plan 經常與 abandon, cancel, devise, formulate, implement, make, oppose, outline, scrap, shelve, unveil, work out 等動詞搭配使用,如 devise/formulate/make/outline/work out a plan (擬定或制訂計畫或方案),scrap our plans (放棄我們的計畫),shelve a plan (擱置計畫)等等。然而,我們經常使用且大多數字典都有列出的幾個片語,如 to make plans for the future, to do future planning 和 to have future plans (意思都是「為未來做計畫或規劃,擬定未來的計畫」),均被批評為贅字;同樣地,advance/advanced planning (事先的計畫),to plan in advance 或 to plan ahead (提前計畫;事先計畫),亦被視為累贅。to plan out (計畫就緒;安排妥當) 的意思雖略有不同,但仍難脫累贅之嫌。

上述所有這些片語若用在口語和非正式場合都還算是標準或正規英語。然而,當文章越正式,它們被視為贅字的可能性就會越高。

當動詞用的 plan 通常與介系詞 on 和 to 連用,構成我們經常使用的標準慣用語。plan on (doing) something 意為「打算 (做某事);預料 (某事會發生)」;plan to do something意為「打算 (做某事)」:I am planning on going to Australia this year. (我打算今年去澳洲);We hadn’t planned on so many people coming. (我們沒有料到會來這麼多人);My father is planning to retire at 55. (我父親打算55歲退休)。

我們經常聽到「A計畫」、「B計畫」這樣的講法,即 Plan A 和 Plan B。A計畫代表的是第一方案,而B計畫是第二方案,即第一方案失敗後所要採行的備用方案。注意:這裡的 Plan 要用單數。

Rob + 人或地 + of + 物;steal + 物 + from + 人或地

我們都知道 rob 和 steal 這兩個動詞的意思分別是「搶」和「偷」,但古早時代 rob 的意思是 steal,所以在古典小說或寓言故事中你可能會看到 ”The fox robbed the chickens.” (狐狸偷了雞) 這樣的句子。當然,根據標題的句型,現代標準英語應寫成 The fox robbed the henhouse. (狐狸搶劫雞舍 – 被搶之物是雞) 或 The fox robbed the farmer. 或 The fox stole [not robbed] the chickens (from the henhouse).。

然而,to rob the loot (搶奪戰利品) 這樣的用法有時仍會出現在寫作中,但許多人仍認為這是不標準的英語或方言。此外,我們也要注意,一些英語純正人士堅持,”to rob your house” 一定是搶匪當著你的面搜刮屋內值錢或重要的東西,而 “to rob you” 則是搶走你某樣或某些東西,不是搶走你的人。然而,現代英語用法經常允許鬆散的被動語態,如 Our house was robbed last night while we were away. (我們的房子昨晚在我們外出時遭搶 – 不是當著你的面) – 除了最保守的寫作外,這句都可用在所有英文寫作中。在這句中,robbed 不能用 stolen 來代替,因為房子被搶是指屋內值錢或重要的東西被拿走,但房子被偷是指整棟房子被搬走,這是不可能的。「rob + 人或地 + of + 被搶之物」這句型已清楚地告訴我們被搶的對象和被搶走的物品,所以 The man robbed my safe. 這句是表示保險箱內的錢或其他貴重物品被搶走,但保險箱還在,而 The man robbed me of my safe. 這句則是表示保險箱本身被搶了,不在了。

Rob 幾乎都是跟介系詞 of 連用,除了搶奪、搶劫的意思外,它還可用來比喻,意為「剝奪;使喪失」,如 Indigestion robbed me of my sleep. (消化不良使我無法入睡);但 rob 與 from 連用的情況也時有所聞,如 Bad press relations robbed her hard-earned popularity from her. (與新聞界惡劣的關係毀了她辛苦掙得的聲望),但這並非正規英語,應避免用於正式寫作中。

Dissatisfied, unsatisfied

這兩個形容詞在意為「不滿意的」(not satisfied) 時是同義字,但在其他方面,它們並不相同。dissatisfied 意為「不悅的,不滿的,不滿意的」(displeased, discontented, or not satisfied),通常用來形容人或其他動物:She was dissatisfied with her salary. (她對自己的薪水不滿意);The dog seemed dissatisfied when confined to the tiny run. (這隻狗對牠被關在這麼小的地方似乎感到不滿)。就「不滿意的」意思而言,dissatisfied 要比 unsatisfied 來得常用。

Unsatisfied 意為「不滿意的,未得到滿足的」(not satisfied, not fulfilled, or left undone),通常用來修飾情況、需求及其他無生命的事物,如 As the war continues, basic needs for many go unsatisfied. (由於戰爭持續,許多人的基本需求得不到滿足),The appetites of the hungry refugees were left unsatisfied. (飢餓難民的胃口未獲滿足);但 unsatisfied 也可修飾人,此時它是表示人的需求未得到充分的滿足。

Dissatisfied 和 unsatisfied 都經常跟介系詞 at、by、with 和 after 連用,如 Dissatisfied at [by, with] the filthy state of his room, he complained to the clerk at the desk. (由於對他房間的髒亂狀況感到不滿,他向櫃台員發了一段牢騷) 或 She was unsatisfied [dissatisfied] after her meal. (她對她的餐食不滿意)。dissatisfied 亦可跟 about 和 concerning 連用:My parents were dissatisfied about [concerning] the teacher’s apparent laxity in discipline. (我父母親對老師的看似管教不嚴感到不滿)。