Ought

Ought 這個語氣或情態助動詞 (modal auxiliary) 的否定縮寫 (後面加 to) 會產生一些用法上的問題。在美國,ought 的否定縮寫主要有兩種形式:oughtn’t 和 hadn’t ought;而 didn’t ought 主要是英國的用法,但偶爾也會出現在不夠標準的美式英語中。

Ought to 的肯定用法在表達「責任、義務、忠告和期望」,如 They ought to visit her more often. (他們應該更常來探視她);而否定用法則是對「不明智或不正確的行為提出警告」,如 You oughtn’t to talk so loud; you’ll wake the baby. (你不該這麼大聲講話;你會吵醒嬰兒的)。Ought 的否定之所以會被寫成 oughtn’t、hadn’t ought 和 didn’t ought,是因為 ought to 亦被稱為 marginal modal,亦即它同時兼具語氣助動詞和普通動詞的身份。

然而,大體而言,ought to 被認為正確的否定寫法是 ought not to 或 oughtn’t to;此外,ought to 被認為正確的問句寫法是 Ought S to…. 、Ought S not to…. 或 Oughtn’t S to…. (這裡的 S 是主詞)。

值得注意的是,在否定全寫的情況下,ought not to 中的 to 有時可以省略掉 (You ought not talk so loud….),但在否定縮寫時或在書面英語中,to 則鮮少被省略 (You oughtn’t to talk so loud….)。

Those who 的句型

Those (people) who = They/People who = Such (people) as + 複數動詞 – 意為「凡是…的人們」。這是 those who 的複數句型,但我們亦可用下面的單數句型來表達相同的意思:He/One who = Anyone who = Whoever + 單數動詞 – 意為「凡是…的人」。請看下面的例句:

Those who have money do not want for friends. (凡是有錢的人都不會缺乏朋友)
= Such as have money do not want for friends. (在這句中,as是當關係代名詞)
= He who has money does not want for friends.
= Whoever has money does not want for friends. (Whoever = Anyone who)

下面兩句分別是 those who (主格) 的受格 those whom 和所有格 those whose的應用:

No distance can sever those whom the fate unites. (有緣千里來相會)
Almighty Heaven is not indifferent to those whose hearts are earnest. (皇天不負苦心人)

可以接 that 子句當受詞的動詞

下面所列的動詞都可以接 that 子句當受詞 (當然,下列只是這類動詞中的一小部份而已,但它們都是我們常用的動詞):

accept, admit, announce, answer, ask, assume. authorize, believe, claim, command, complain, consent, consider, contest, declare, decide, decree, demand, demonstrate, determine, deny, desire, dictate, direct, discover, discuss, doubt, examine, expect, feel, find (out), forget, grant, guarantee, hope, ignore, imply, indicate, insist, know, move, notice, observe, order, overlook, permit, propose, prove, recommend, regret, remark, report, request, require, say, see, show, specify, suggest, suppose, think, understand, urge, wonder 等等。例如:

We have to admit that he’s a highly competent man. (我們必須承認他是個非常能幹的人)
They decided that John must stay there. (他們決定約翰必須留在那裡)
I regret that you see it like that. (我很遺憾你這樣看待這件事)

然而,有些動詞卻不可以接 that 子句當受詞,如 contribute, describe, make, prevent, speak, summarize 等等。所以下句是錯誤的:

He spoke to his girlfriend that he had missed her very much. (他對他的女友說,他非常想念她)

Solution to 和 solution for

某個問題的解決方法或方程式的解答,英文叫做 the solution to the problem 或 the solution to the equation,亦即 solution 後面慣用的介系詞是 to。然而,若是要求出方程式中某個未知數的值,那麼 solution 後面的介系詞必須用 for。例如:

The solution for y in the equation (a) is 5. (求出方程式(a) 中 y 的值是5)

這項用法亦適用於 solution 的動詞 solve。例如:

Everyone must solve for y in the equation (a). (每個人都要求出方程式(a)中 y 的值)

此外,solve 與多個名詞形成的固定搭配都相當常見,值得我們加以熟記:

To solve a problem/crisis/dispute/conflict:解決問題/危機/爭論/衝突
To solve a mystery/puzzle/riddle (of):揭開…之謎
To solve a case/crime/murder:偵破案件/犯罪/殺人案

Search 和 search for 之不同

Search 可當名詞和動詞用,意思都是「搜查;搜索:搜尋」,雖然其後加上介系詞 for 之後,意思也是「搜索:搜尋」,但兩者的意涵卻有頗大的出入。以 search the house 為例,這好像檢察官到扁家進行搜索、尋找阿扁貪污和洗錢的證據 — 檢察官就在阿扁的豪華住宅內東翻西找。此時,我們不能說 search for the house,因為這句的意思是「尋找這棟房子」– 不是我們想要買屋或租屋的找房子,而是這棟房子遺失了,就像遺失鑰匙一樣,我們要把它找回來。顯然地,這是不通的。

由上述可知,search for 的意思就是「搜尋,尋找」;所以,我們可以說 search for my car key,但卻不能說 search for my house — 除非房子長腳,會自己走失。因此,當我們要尋找線索、解答等等時,我們必須說 search for the clue, search for the solution,而不能說 search the clue, search the solution。下面的例句應足以讓網友確實區分 search 和 search for 之間的不同:

The police searched the suspect but found no weapon on him. (警察搜查了嫌犯,但在他身上找不到武器)
Scientists are still searching for a cure to the common cold. (科學家仍在尋找治療感冒的方法)
The authorities carried out several air searches for survivors of the crash. (當局進行了數次空中搜索,尋找空難的生還者)

最後,當名詞用的 search 還有一個頗為常見的片語,那就是 in search of (注意不能寫成 in search for);這片語與 search for 相當,意思都是「尋找某物」( looking for something 或 trying to find something)。例如:Many people had left their homes to go in search of food. (許多人已出門去覓食)。

Doubt 的用法

Doubt 可當名詞和動詞用,當名詞時意為「疑惑;懷疑」,當動詞時意為「懷疑;不大相信,認為…未必可能」。

Doubt 用法的主要問題在於其後該用那個介系詞或連接詞。doubt 當名詞用時,它絕大部分都是接 about,如 I have my doubts about his plan. (我對他的計畫存有疑慮)。在否定結構中,doubt 無論當名詞或動詞用,其後若接子句,只能接由連接詞 “that” 所引導的名詞子句,如 There is no doubt in my mind that he is telling the truth. 或 I don’t doubt (= I am certain) that he is telling the truth. (我毫不懷疑他在講真話)。而在其他大多數結構中,其後通常接由連接詞 “whether/if” (有些人也使用 that) 所引導的名詞子句,如 I doubt whether/if he is telling the truth. (我不相信他在講真話) — 在口語中,if 比 whether 用得多。

最後要提的是 doubt 在一句大家耳熟能詳的法律用語中的應用:

To give somebody the benefit of the doubt:在沒有證據證明某人有罪之前,應假定他是無罪的。
To give something the benefit of the doubt:在沒有證據證明某事不當之前,應假設它是可行的。

Consider 還是 consider as 呢?

Consider 的主要意思有三:

第一義是「認為,把…視為」(句型為:consider + 受詞 + 名詞/形容詞)。例如:Do you consider her suitable for the job? (你認為她適合做這份工作嗎?)。

第二義是「考慮,細想」。例如:We will not fail to consider your feelings on the matter. (我們不會不考慮你對這件事情的感受)。

第三義是「考慮到;考慮過」。例如:I have considered all aspects of the problem. (我已考慮過這問題的所有層面)。

由於第一義與 regard as 和 view as 同義,所以當 consider意為「認為,把…視為」時,就不可在其後加上 as (但若意為「考慮」,則可加上 as),但可加上 “to be” (可省略):

I consider it (to be) a great honor to be invited to join the club. (我認為被邀請加入此俱樂部是很大的榮幸) (正)
I consider it as a great honor to be invited to join the club. (誤)

最後要提的是,consider 後面若接動詞,須用動名詞而非不定詞:

I’m considering changing my job. (我正考慮換工作) (正)
I’m considering to change my job. (誤)

Allow, ask, cost…等動詞只能接雙受詞

在「Buy 接雙受詞的限制」一文中,我們知道 buy (以及 catch, choose, cook, find, get, make, order 等動詞) 可以接雙受詞 (動詞 + 間接受詞 + 直接受詞) 也可以使用 “動詞 + 直接受詞 + for + 間接受詞” 的結構。另外,有些可以接雙受詞的動詞 (如give, hand, lend, offer, ,tell, promise, pass, show, teach 等),則是還可以使用 “動詞 + 直接受詞 + to + 間接受詞” 的結構。例如:He gave me ten dollars./He gave ten dollars to me. (他給我 10 塊錢)。

然而,allow, ask, cost, deny, envy, forgive, permit 和 refuse 等動詞只能接雙受詞,不能有 for/to + 間接受詞的結構。事實上,知道這幾個動詞可以接雙受詞的人並不多,而知道它們可以接雙受詞且不能有 for/to + 間接受詞結構的人肯定更少。現在讓我們來看一些例句:

My mother allows me money for books. (我母親給我錢買書) (正)
My mother allows money to me for books. (誤)

You have asked me a difficult question which I cannot answer. (你問了一個我無法回答的困難問題) (正)
You have asked a difficult question to me which I cannot answer. (誤)

It cost them a lot of money. (那花了他們很多錢) (正)
It cost a lot of money to them. (誤)

I envy you your large detached house in the country. (我羨慕你在鄉下有間獨棟大房子) (正)
I envy your large detached house in the country for you. (誤)

He forgave her the awful things she said about him. (他原諒她說了他的壞話) (正)
He forgave the awful things she said about him for her. (誤)

如何區分 apparent 兩個不同的意思

Apparent 這個形容詞有兩個意思:一是「表面 (上) 的;似乎的」,另一是「顯然的;顯而易見的」。當 apparent 位在名詞前面來修飾該名詞時,它意為「表面 (上) 的;似乎的」,若位在 be 動詞或其他連綴動詞的後面當主詞補語,則意為「顯然的;顯而易見的」。請看下面的例句:

The teacher was shocked by the parents’ apparent lack of concern about their child’s behavior. (老師感到震驚的是那孩子的父母親似乎毫不關心自己小孩的行為表現)
Their apparent grief soon turned to laughter. (他們表面上的哀傷立即轉為笑臉)
It was apparent that he was in no condition to travel. (他的健康狀況顯然不宜旅行)
The reasons for her sudden departure soon became apparent. (她突然離去的原因不久就一清二楚了)

Apparent 的副詞 apparently 也是這兩個意思。若位在句首,它可能意為「表面上;似乎,看來」或「顯然地;顯而易見地」;若位在句中,尤其是位在 be 動詞後面修飾另一副詞時,它大多意為「顯然地;顯而易見地」。請看下面的例句:

Apparently he did not succeed. (看來他沒有成功)
Apparently she never got my letter after all. (顯然她一直都沒有收到我的信)
He was apparently much surprised at the news. (他對那消息顯然十分驚訝)

Equal 和 equal to 你搞混了嗎?

Equal 這個字可當動詞、形容詞和名詞用,是個很常見的字。相信絕大部分人都會這個字,但在表達「等於」的意思時,卻有不少人會用錯。當動詞時,equal 是個及物動詞,亦即其後直接接受詞,不可先接介系詞 to 再接受詞。再者,作「等於」解時,equal 與 “be equal to ” (這個 equal 是形容詞) 同義;換言之,若有受詞,則當及物動詞用的 equal 後面不可接 to,但當形容詞用的 equal 後面一定要有 to。例如:

Two and three equals five. (2加3等於5) (正)
Two and three equals to five. (誤)
Two and three is equal to five. (正)
Two and three is equal five. (誤)

此外,當及物動詞用的 equal 還有一個蠻常用的意思,那就是「平了(…記錄)」:

Thompson today equaled (or equalled) the world record for the 400 meters. (今天湯普森平了400公尺的世界記錄)