眾矢之的

英譯:
an Aunt Sally

例句:
A number of institutions revered and respected in earlier times have become Aunt Sally for the present generation. (早期一些受到尊崇的制度,現在已成了這一代的眾矢之的)

Any public figure risks being made an Aunt Sally by the press. (任何公眾人物都有成為新聞界的眾矢之的的風險)

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http://htmfiles.englishhome.org/idioms/idioms_chinese-2.htm

大嫂團和人妻爆紅 WAGs 和 WAG 亦不遑多讓

近年來,「大嫂團」這個名詞迅速在網路和媒體上爆紅,知名度與「人妻」等量齊觀。不過,大嫂團是譯自英國小報 (tabloids) — 如《太陽報》(The Sun)、《每日郵報》(Daily Mail)、《每日電訊報》(Daily Telegraph) 等 — 特有的用語 WAGs (WAG 的複數),而人妻則來自日文。

雖然 WAGs 是英國小報特有的用語,但越來越多的新聞媒體也開始採用這個字。事實上,WAGs 是個頭字語 (acronym),為 wives and girlfriends 的縮寫 (單數 WAG 為 wife and girlfriend 的縮寫),最初是指高知名度的足球明星 (football players or footballers) 的女眷,這包括太太、女友或同居人 (partners)。但現在也指任何行業或機構的女眷,亦即工作性質相同的一群男性的女眷。譬如說,10 月初一群英軍的太太和女友們 (WAGs) 居安思危,為了替在阿富汗受傷的英國大兵募款,決定一起寬衣解帶合拍性感寫真月曆,從《太陽報》提供的照片來看,這個名為「武裝的屁股2011」(Armed Buns 2011) 的寫真月曆,火辣指數破表。

由於 WAG 包含 wife 和 girlfriend,且用 and 連接,明明是複數,但卻當單數用,有人認為沒有道理。沒錯,這項看法完全正確! 問題是,實際的應用並非如此。現在只要是某足球明星的太太或女友都可以用 WAG 來表示,即「大嫂」,若是老婆還可以稱她為「人妻」(當然啦,人妻可以指一個人或多個人)。大家可能已經想到,全球最知名的「大嫂」當非貝克漢 (David Beckham) 的老婆「貝嫂」維多利亞 (WAG Victoria Beckham) 莫屬了。

lust after/for; put down; put down for; put down to; put in; put in for; put off

lust after/for +
渴望,渴求
He lusts after/for a Rolex.

lust after/for +
想和 (某人) 做愛;貪戀 (色慾、美色或女色)
He secretly lusts after/for his friend’s wife.
Some men lust for gold, but most lust for women.

put * down
殺死 (年老、體弱、生病或危險的動物) (通常以 have sth put down 形式出現)
He had his dog put down because it was in a lot of pain from its tumors.

put * down +
慢慢放下,擱下 (某物)
Put the gun down slowly and keep your hands where I can see them.

put * down for +
把 (某人) 登記在 (認捐多少錢等) 的名單上
I have put you down for NT$200,000, is that all right?

put * down to +
把 (某事) 歸因於
He didn’t score many, but we can put that down to inexperience.

put * in +
安裝
They had to put in a whole new central heating system because the house was so cold.

put * in +
投資
To start up the business, they each put in NT$100,000.

put in for +
(正式) 要求
He put in for a transfer to the new branch.

put off
延宕;推遲;延後
The concert’s been put off until next month because the singer’s got a throat infection.

put * off +
延宕;推遲;使延期
Don’t put off your homework – do it now!

put * off +
使不想做;使反感;使倒胃口
I was really put off by the way he eats with his mouth open.
The smell put me off my food.

本文亦刊載在下列網址:
http://htmfiles.englishhome.org/phrasalverbs/phrasalverbs-l.htm
http://htmfiles.englishhome.org/phrasalverbs/phrasalverbs-p.htm

Youngster 和 youth 的區別

Youngster 意為「年輕人」(a young person),至於它是指小孩或幼童 (toddler) 還是十來歲的青少年 (teenager),完全視個人而定。倘若您已屆而立或甚至不惑之年,那麼任何未滿十八歲的青少年對您來說都是 youngster。然而,如果您是個十來歲的青少年,那麼您只能用 youngster 來指幼童或未滿十歲的小孩。由此可知,youngster 是個很有彈性的字,不像 toddler 和 teenager 等字有明確的意義。

Youth 這個字比較複雜一點,它的意思之一是「青少年時代」,為不可數名詞,如 In my youth, I often played baseball with my friends, but now I don’t. (我在青少年時代常和朋友一起打棒球,但現在不打了)。但 youth 也同樣意為「年輕人 (通常帶貶義)」,為可數名詞,如 There are groups of youths playing basketball over there. (那裡有好幾群年輕人正在打籃球)。

Youth 所指的年輕人一定不是成人 (adult),絕大多數情況都是指十來歲的青少年 (teenager),尤指行為不檢或大罪不犯、小罪不斷的十來歲少年 (teenage boy);所以,報紙、電視新聞及其他媒體在報導青少年犯罪或違反社會秩序行為時,一定用這個字來指青少年,如 Yesterday, two youths attacked a man in the high street and stole his wallet. (昨天有兩個毛頭小伙子在大街上攻擊一名男子並搶走了他的錢包)。此外,youth 亦可做為青年人、青年男女的總稱,如 The youth of the country is/are being ignored by politicians. (這個國家的青年人未受到政治人物的重視);Youth unemployment is increasing again due to the financial crisis. (由於金融危機,青年人的失業率再度上揚中)。

Miss, Mr., Mrs., Ms. 的複數

Miss, Mr., Mrs., Ms. 是商業書信中經常會用到的尊稱 (courtesy titles)。Miss 為「小姐」,用於未婚女子的姓或姓名之前,如 Miss Chen is a popular teacher. (陳小姐是個廣受歡迎的老師)。Mr. 為「先生」,是 Mister 的簡寫,用於男性的姓、姓名或職務之前,如 Mr. Huang is a well-known scholar in ancient Chinese history. (黃先生是知名的中國古代史學者);Mr. President (總統先生)。Mrs. 為「夫人,太太」,是 Mistress 的簡寫,用於已婚女性的夫姓或夫的姓名之前,如 Mrs. Allen White lives in London. (懷特太太住在倫敦)。Ms. 為「女士」,用於婚姻狀況不明或不願提及婚姻狀況之女性的姓或姓名之前,所以是未婚、已婚婦女均適用的稱呼,如 Ms. Smith is a student. (史密斯小姐是個學生)。

如上述,這幾個尊稱是單數,當書信要寄給兩個以上且尊稱相同的人時,它們必須使用複數。Miss, Mr., Mrs., Ms. 的複數分別為 Misses, Messrs., Mmes., Mses.。

不過,要注意的是,Ms, Mr 和 Mrs 後面加句點是美國的用法,英國的用法是都不加句點。這是英美用法上的差異。

快刀斬亂麻;大刀闊斧

英譯:
cut the Gordian knot

例句:
It appears that even President Barack Obama, a leader upon whom the expectations of the world await, has been unable to cut the Gordian knot. (似乎就連歐巴馬這位全球寄予厚望的領導人也不能快刀斬亂麻)

The new manager found that none of the staff liked him, but he soon cut the Gordian knot by dismissing them all. (新上任的經理發現職員都不喜歡他,於是就快刀斬亂麻,把他們全部給辭退了)

本文亦刊載在下列網址:
http://htmfiles.englishhome.org/idioms/idioms_chinese-1.htm

Nickname 的正確寫法

Nickname 中文的意思為「綽號;暱稱」,但綽號和暱稱是不能劃上等號的。雖然有人討厭人家叫綽號,但大多數人都喜歡暱稱,甚至喜歡暱稱更甚於本名。筆者不知道林育群先前喜不喜歡人家叫他「小胖」,但 Little Fatty 現在可是國際流行音樂界響噹噹的名號,相信他現在一定滿喜歡這個「綽號」(有人說這是暱稱) 的。

英文 nickname 的寫法有一定格式,在連名帶姓一起寫出的情況,暱稱是插在 first name (or given name) 和 last name 之間且要加引號 (美國用雙引號,英國用單引號),不可用括弧;若 nickname 不加引號,不無被誤以為是 middle name 的可能。以美國著名嘻哈歌手 Ice-T (這是藝名 stage name,真名為 Tracy Marrow) 的巨乳妻子 Coco 為例,Coco 是她的暱稱,但同樣比她的真名 Nicole Austin 更廣為人知,所以媒體在報導她時往往寫成 Nicole “Coco” Austin (英國媒體會寫成 Nicole ‘Coco’ Austin) — 表示 Nicole Austin 這個人的暱稱叫 “Coco”。

在使用暱稱取代本名的情況,暱稱不加引號。以美國老羅斯福總統 (Theodore Roosevelt) 為例,他的 nickname 為 Teddy,所以在使用 Teddy 取代 Theodore 的情況,他的姓名是寫成 Teddy Roosevelt;若是全名加暱稱的情況,則寫成 Theodore “Teddy” Roosevelt — 表示老羅斯福總統的暱稱叫 “Teddy”。

林育群的英文名字為 Jimmy Lin 或 Lin Yu-chun,但外國媒體在報導他時並未使用 Jimmy “Little Fatty” Lin 這樣的寫法 (因為 Little Fatty 並非英文名字),而是用 Taiwan chubby singer Lin Yu-chun 或 Lin Yu-chun, known as Little Fatty 或 Lin Yu-chun (a.k.a. “Little Fatty” — a.k.a. 就是 also known as「又名;亦稱」) 等寫法或稱呼,可見 Little Fatty 是綽號。

That’s an edgy new restaurant.

長久以來,edgy 這個非正式用字都是意為「不安的;煩躁不安的;緊張不安的」(anxious, nervous),與 on edge 同義,如 She’s been a little edgy lately, waiting for the exam results. (她正在等考試結果,因此最近有點煩躁不安)。然而,如果把此意思用於 That’s an edgy new restaurant. 這句中,那麼整句的意思就是「那是一家煩躁不安的新餐廳」,顯然不通。

顯然地,在 That’s an edgy new restaurant. 這句中,形容詞 edgy 另有其他意思。問題是,截至目前,相信還沒有一本字典有列出 edgy 上述意思以外的其他意思。不過,從 edgy 的名詞 edge 在 at the cutting/leading edge (最尖端的;最先進的) 中的應用來看,edgy 應該跟這兩個相當常用的同義片語的意思相近。果不其然,英國 BBC 的一篇報導中出現了這樣的句子 That’s the edgiest new restaurant in town. (那是倫敦最新潮的餐廳)。由此可知,edgy 意為「最新的;新潮的;時髦的」(up-to-date, fashionable),反義詞為 passé (陳舊的;過時的)、naff (不時髦的) — naff 為英式英語。

Q:had better 後接進行式和完成式的意義為何?

A:had better 後接動詞的進行式 (had better + be + V-ing),係表示最好馬上做某事;若接完成式動詞 (had better + have + P.P.),則表示本該做某事但並未去做。例如:

  • I think I’d better be/get going. (我想我該走了)
  • We’d better be getting our clothes ready. (你最好馬上把衣服準備好)
  • We had better be watching TV. (我們最好馬上就看電視)
  • We had better be starting back now. (我們最好現在就動身回去)
  • You had better have done it. (你本來應該把那件事做好的) — 但實際上卻沒有做。
  • You had better have stayed with us. (你本來應該跟我們待在一起的) — 但實際上卻沒有。
  • You had better have stayed here. (你本來應該待在這裡的) — 但實際上卻沒有。

go for; go for it; go forth; go forward; go in; go in for; go in with

go for +
競爭;爭取;追求
Our team is going for the gold medal in the Olympics.
There were 200 people going for just three jobs.

go for +
喜歡
I don’t really go for horror films.
Do you go for tall men? I go for clever men, whatever they look like.

go for +
攻擊,打 (某人);抨擊,責罵
The neighbor’s dog went for the postman and bit him.
The media has really gone for Simon’s new book in a big way!

go for +
選擇
I think I’ll go for the steak. What are you having?

go for +
充作;被看作
It’s a couch that also goes for a bed.

go for it
加油!
Go for it, you will be successful.

go for it
(你) 去吧!
Mary: I’m going to go outside for a breath of fresh air.
John: Go for it. I’ll just be gonna chill (= relax) here.

go forth
離開某地
He went forth and found a wife in another city.

go forth
前往國外;出發,動身
They went forth to spread the word of the new religion.

go forward
(鐘錶) 往前撥
Do the clocks go forward in the summer?

go forward
進步;進展;前進
The top three teams go forward to the next round.

go in
住院 (接受治療、手術等)
He went in for a triple bypass operation two days ago.

go in
(某物) 進得去;放得進去
This nail won’t go in. I think it must have hit a brick.
That space is too small, so the bookcase won’t go in.

go in
(太陽、月亮、星星等) 躲到雲裡,被雲遮住
The sun has gone in.

go in
開始攻擊,開始進攻
The troops went in at dawn.

go in for +
參加 (比賽、考試等)
Are you going to go in for soccer this year at school?
I’d like to go in for a more advanced exam if I can.

go in for +
支持;提倡;主張
I don’t go in for the claims being made about blogging.

go in for +
喜歡
He goes in for classical music.
I don’t go in for golf much.

go in for +
從事 (某職業)
Have you thought about going in for teaching?
I think he’s planning to go in for politics.

go in with +
結盟
They’re going to go in with the Social Democrats.

go in with +
與…合夥
She’s gone in with an ex-colleague on a new restaurant idea.
Ask the other to go in with them on the plan

本文亦刊載在下列網址:
http://htmfiles.englishhome.org/phrasalverbs/phrasalverbs-g.htm