Disinterested, uninterested (adjs.)

Uninterested 意為「不感興趣的;不關心的;冷漠的」(indifferent, not interested, unconcerned),後接介系詞 in,但這個形容詞現今已不太使用,如 She doesn’t read newspapers and is uninterested in politics. (她不看報紙,對政治也不感興趣);I’m completely uninterested in soccer. (我對足球毫無興趣)。

Disinterested 除了舊有的「公正的;不偏頗的;無私的」(impartial, without bias, having no self-interest) 意思外,現今還意為「不感興趣的;不關心的;冷漠的」 — 同樣經常與介系詞 in 連用,如 The counselor gave us some disinterested advice. (這位顧問給了我們一些不偏頗的忠告);a disinterested witness and observer (公正的證人和目擊者);Charles was disinterested in math. (查爾斯對數學不感興趣)。

Disinterested 現今之所以經常被用來表示「不感興趣的;不關心的;冷漠的」意思,或許是因為 uninterested 並不常用,但許多人認為 disinterested 這項用法不正確。然而,儘管許多英語純正人士堅持 disinterested 只能意為「公正的;不偏頗的;無私的」,而「不感興趣的;不關心的;冷漠的」意思僅能由 uninterested 來表示,不容 disinterested 代勞,且強力反對在正式文件中使用 disinterested 來表示「不感興趣的」意思,但事實上,disinterested 的這項用法及其「公正的」意思,現在都是正規英語。職是之故,A judge must be disinterested in the cases he tries. (法官審判案件必須公正)、I like music but am disinterested in art. (我喜歡音樂,但不喜好藝術) 和 He has a disinterested manner. (他一副漠不關心的態度) 等句子都是正規英語。當然,後兩句也可使用 uninterested 來代替 disinterested。

Contagious, infectious (adjs.)

這兩個形容詞都意為「(疾病) 會傳染的」,但 contagious 指的是 (身體) 接觸傳染的,如 Venereal disease and chickenpox are contagious diseases. (性病和水痘都是接觸傳染的疾病),而 infectious 指的則是由空氣傳染的 (airborne) 或由水傳染的 (waterborne),如 Influenza and measles are infectious diseases. (流行性感冒和麻疹都是會傳染的疾病)。

在比喻用法上,這兩個字是同義詞,意為「(情緒、想法、舉止等) 有感染力的」,如 Their enthusiasm was contagious/infectious. (他們的熱情有感染力);His optimistic mood was very contagious/infectious. (他的樂觀心情很有感染力);contagious/infectious laughter (有感染力的笑聲)。

Discrepancy, disparity (nn.)

這兩個名詞都有「差異」的意思,但它們差異的程度卻有很大的不同。discrepancy 意為「差異,不同,不一致;不一致或不相符之處」(difference, lack of similarity or agreement, inconsistency),可當可數或不可數名詞用,後面通常接介系詞 between 或 in,如 There is some discrepancy between their two descriptions. (他們兩人的描述有些出入);There was a discrepancy in the two reports of the accident. (關於那起事故的兩份報導有矛盾之處);There were some discrepancies in the statement he gave to the police. (他給警方的陳述有些地方不一致)。顯然地,discrepancy 所指的差異在程度上似乎不大。

Disparity 意為「差異,不同,不等,不一致;懸殊」,通常是指重大的差異,不相等,顯著的不同或根本不同 (important difference, inequality, something incongruous, markedly distinct, or fundamentally different),同樣可當可數或不可數名詞用,而後面亦通常接介系詞 between 或 in,如 The disparity between their proposals made compromise unlikely. (他們的提案差很大,使得尋求折衷變得不可能);There is still a disparity in salaries among people doing the same job. (同工不同酬的情況仍然存在);There is (a) considerable disparity in the rates of pay for men and women. (男女薪資的比率相差懸殊)。必須注意的是,disparity 前面若有修飾語,則該修飾語必須是能夠凸顯「差很大」、「懸殊」的字眼,如 considerable, great, significant 或 wide 等形容詞。

Instructional, instructive (adjs.)

Instructional 意為「教學的;教學用的;教育的」,如 She used some instructional materials in class. (她在課堂上使用了一些教材);He had a desk full of instructional videos. (他的書桌擺滿了教學錄影帶);instructional methods/books (教學法/教學用書)。

Instructive 意為「有益的;增長知識的;有教育意義的;有啟發性的」,不可用來指人,如 The lecture was instructive and interesting. (這項演講既有益又有趣);This is an instructive book. (這是一本有教育意義的書);A trip around the world is an instructive experience. (環球旅行是一種增長見識的經歷)。

從上述可知,這兩個形容詞的意思並不相同,但它們有時可能接相同的名詞,如上述的 an instructional book 和 an instructive book。此外,它們可能出現在同一個句子中,此時區分它們之間意思的不同會變得更加重要,如 Some instructional manuals are worthless, but others can be most instructive. (有些操作手冊毫無用處,但其他手冊可能很有幫助);在這句中,instructional manual 通常寫成 instruction manual,意為「操作手冊;使用說明書」。

Q:Such was his thirst that he drank up the whole bottle of water. 這句的意義為何?

A:這句意為「他很渴,把整瓶水都喝光了」,是 His thirst was such that he drank up the whole bottle of water. 的倒裝句,屬於用來表示前因後果的 “such… that”、”so… that” (如此…以致於) 的句型應用。注意:so 後面要接形容詞或副詞 (so 為副詞),而 such 後面要接名詞或名詞片語 (such 為限定詞) 或不接名詞 (such 為代名詞)。我們可用 so… that 來加以改寫為 He was so thirsty that he drank up the whole bottle of water.。

同樣地,我們也可將 so 移到句首來強調表示事件之原因的形容詞,此時句子亦同樣要倒裝:So thirsty was he that he drank up the whole bottle of water.。再舉一例來加深讀者對這種句型的印象:

  • He was so surprised that he remained speechless for a few minutes. (他驚訝得好幾分鐘說不出話來) (正常句)
    = So surprised was he that he remained speechless for a few minutes. (倒裝句)
    = His surprise was such that he remained speechless for a few minutes. (正常句)
    = Such was his surprise that he remained speechless for a few minutes. (倒裝句)

Discreet, discrete (adjs.)

這兩個形容詞有時會被搞混。discreet 意為「(言行舉止) 謹慎的,慎重的,考慮周到的」(prudent, judicious, having good judgment),如 You can confide in him; he is very discreet. (你可以信賴他;他行事非常謹慎);It wasn’t very discreet of you to ring me up at the office. (你在辦公室打電話給我有點考慮欠週)。這個字的反義詞為 indiscreet。

Discrete 意為「分離的,個別的;有別的;不連續的」(separate, distinct, noncontinuous),如 These are discrete elements that share no basic characteristics. (這些是個別的元素,它們的基本特性完全不同);The picture consisted of a lot of discrete spots of color. (這幅畫由許多互不相連的色點所組成)。

這兩個同音異形異義字 (homophones) 雖源自同一拉丁字,但意思卻截然不同。不少人因此發生拼字錯誤或意思混淆的情況,甚至現今無論在印刷品、信件或其他非正式寫作中仍不時可見這樣的錯誤或意思上的誤解。尤有甚者,許多人將 discretion 誤以為是 discrete 的名詞。事實上,discrete 的名詞是 discreteness,而 discretion 是 discreet 的名詞,意為「謹慎,慎重;自己決定,自行裁決」– 這名詞通常用在 at one’s discretion (由某人自行決定) 此一常見的片語中,如 The hours of meetings will be at the chairperson’s discretion. (開會的時間將由主席自行決定)。

Tasteful, tasteless, tasty, distasteful (adjs.)

Tasteful 和 tasty 分別衍生自名詞 taste 不同的意思,前者的意思與「品味;鑑賞力」有關,而後者的意思與「味道;滋味」有關。因此,這兩個形容詞應被視為截然不同的兩個字。tasteful 意為「有品味的;有鑑賞力的,有審美力的;雅緻的,高雅的,優美的」,如 Her comments were very tasteful. (她的評論很有品味);The study had tasteful furnishings. (書房的室內陳設高雅優美);tasteful decoration (雅致的裝飾)。

Tasty 意為「(食物) 味美的;可口的;好吃的」(palatable),但通常不用來形容甜食,如 This really was a tasty meal. (這真是美味的一餐);She served a wonderfully tasty lunch. (她供應了非常美味可口的午餐);a few tasty snack (一些可口的小吃)。此外,tasty 在英國俚語中還意為「迷人的;有性吸引力的 (男性形容女性的用語,通常被視為對女性的冒犯)」,如 John’s new girlfriend is very tasty. (約翰的新女友很迷人);His sister’s rather tasty. (他的妹妹相當有性吸引力,讓人想入非非)。

Tasteless 既是 tasteful 也是 tasty 的反義詞;換言之,tasteless 兼具比喻和字面的意思。這個形容詞的比喻意思為「(衣服、家具或裝飾等) 沒品味的,格調低的,俗氣的;(言談或舉止) 不雅的,不得體的」,如 His room is full of tasteless ornaments. (他的房間盡是沒有品味的裝飾品);She thought his comments rude and tasteless. (她認為他的評論粗魯不雅);a tasteless remark/joke (不雅的話/笑話)。tasteless 的字面意思為「沒有味道的;淡而無味的」(flavorless, insipid),如 The student canteen serves cold, tasteless pizzas. (學生餐廳供應淡而無味的冷披薩);a tasteless piece of chicken (一塊淡而無味的雞肉);tasteless vegetables/soup (沒有味道的蔬菜/湯)。

至於 distasteful,雖然它也只有比喻的意思且在拼字上看似在 tasteful 的前面加上 dis-,但它可不是 tasteful 的反義詞! distasteful 意為「令人反感的;使人不愉快的;討厭的」(unpleasant, disagreeable),顯然它與 tasteful 是不相關的兩個字,如 Many people have complained that they found the pictures distasteful. (許多人抱怨這些圖片令人反感);a rather distasteful duty (相當令人討厭的職責);a distasteful joke (令人倒胃口的笑話)。

Proposal (n.), proposition (n., v.)

Proposal 和 proposition 只有在「建議;提議;提案」的意思上是同義詞,可以互換,如 That’s an interesting proposal/proposition. (那是一項有趣的建議);the government’s latest proposal/proposition (政府最新的提案)。但有關商業和生意上的建議和提議,一般都使用 proposition 而不用 proposal,如 We made him a proposition: He would join us, and we would support his company. (我們向他建議:他和我們聯合,我們就支持他的公司);I have a business proposition to put to you. (我有個商業建議要對你說)。在最後一句中,business proposition 可視為固定搭配,不能寫成 business proposal。同樣地,(an) insurance proposal 也是固定用語,意為「(保險) 投保」,如 an insurance proposal form (保險投保書),不能寫成 insurance proposition。

在其他特定意思上,這兩個字截然不同,千萬別搞混。除「建議;提議;提案」的意思外,proposal 也意為「(建議等的) 提出」,如 Proposal is easier than performance. (建議容易實行難);the proposal of new regulations (新條例的提出)。再者,proposal 還意為「求婚」,如 She accepted his proposal at once. (她立刻就接受了他的求婚);She has had a proposal. (已經有人向她求婚了)。proposal 的動詞為 propose。

Proposition 有數個特有的意思:1.「主張;觀點;論點;看法;見解」,其後通常接 that 所引導的名詞子句作同位語 (注意:that 不能省略),如 The students discussed the proposition that man is basically good. (學生們討論了「人性本善」這個論點);the proposition that all religions are equally valid (認為所有宗教都同樣合法主張)。2.「(需要對付或必須處理的) 人;事情;問題」,如 We could build a tunnel instead of a bridge, but that’s a much more difficult proposition. (我們可以建隧道而不建橋樑,但那是個困難得多的問題);The new manager is a formidable proposition. (新任經理是個難纏的傢伙),但有些人反對 proposition 這項口語或非正式用法的意思,可能是因為在這些句子中,proposition 所構成的名詞片語其實只要使用形容詞就可以了,如上面兩句可以分別更簡潔地改為 We could build a tunnel instead of a bridge, but that’s much more difficult. 和 The new manager is formidable.。3.「(男女間的) 求歡」,如 He made me a proposition. (他向我求歡)。proposition 的第 4 和第 5 個意思分別為「法律議案;法律修正案」及「(數學和邏輯的) 命題」。

Proposition 還可當及物動詞用,意為「(尤指冒犯地) 向…提出嘿咻要求;向…求歡」,如 Dad said he was propositioned by a call girl at the ritzy hotel. (父親說他在那家豪華飯店時曾有應召女郎找上他);He propositioned every girl in the bar, but none were interested. (他對酒吧裡的每位女孩提出嘿咻要求,但沒有人理睬他)。值得注意的是,當動詞用的 proposition 比當名詞用、意為「求歡」的 proposition 要來得常用許多,所以「他向他的秘書求歡」一般都寫成 He propositioned his secretary. 而甚少寫成 He made his secretary a proposition。此外,「求歡」和「求婚」雖僅有一字之差,但意思相差豈可以道里計,因此千萬別將 proposition 和 propose/proposal 搞錯了。

Beneficent, beneficial, benevolent, benign (adjs.)

Beneficent 意為「行善的;慈善的」,僅用來指人,如 He was beneficent to the poor. (他對窮人慈善)。這個字的名詞為 beneficence,意為「慈善;善行」,如 His beneficence was well known. (他的善行是廣為人知的)。

Beneficial 意為「有益的;有利的」,通常用來指事物。與 beneficent 一樣,其後經常接介系詞 to 再接受詞,如 The fall in prices will be beneficial to small businesses. (價格下滑將有利於小型企業);One or two glasses of wine a day can be beneficial. (每天喝一兩杯葡萄酒是有益的)。

Benevolent 意為「樂善好施的;慈善的;仁慈的;善意的;和善的;和藹的」,可用來指人和事物,如 The institution received a donation from a benevolent well-wisher. (這機構接受了一名樂善好施的支持者的捐款);The institution received a benevolent donation. (這機構接受了一筆慈善捐款);a benevolent smile (和藹的/和善的微笑)。這個字的名詞為 benevolence,意為「仁慈;善心;善意;善舉」,如 He did it out of pure benevolence. (他做那件事完全出於善意)。就「善意的」一義而言,benevolent 的反義詞為 malevolent,後者意為「惡意的;惡毒的」,如 Her stare was malevolent. (她凝視的目光含有惡意);a malevolent look/smile (不懷好意的表情/微笑)。

Benign 意為「和善的;和藹的;慈祥的;(腫瘤) 良性的;(疾病) 無致命危險的」,可用來指人和事物,如 She smiled a benign smile. (她露出和藹的/慈祥的微笑);a benign old woman (慈祥的老婦人);a benign tumor (良性腫瘤)。就「(腫瘤) 良性的;(疾病) 無致命危險的」意思而言,benign 的反義詞為 malignant,後者意為「(腫瘤) 惡性的;(疾病) 致命的,極危險的」,如 A cancer is a malignant growth. (癌是一種惡性腫瘤);a malignant tumor (惡性腫瘤)。

從上述可知,在這四個形容詞中,有些拼字相近,有些意思重疊,有些用法似乎雷同但又不完全相同,有時稍一不慎,還是會搞混弄錯的。在「行善的;慈善的」意思上,beneficent 和 benevolent 是同義詞,但前者僅能指人,而後者則可指人和事物;而在「和善的;和藹的」意思上,benign 和 benevolent 則是同義詞,且兩者皆可指人和事物。

Fallible, fallacious (adjs.)

儘管這兩個形容詞都源自拉丁動詞 fallere (to deceive:欺騙),但意思並不相同,千萬別搞錯。fallible 意為「難免犯錯的;可能會出錯的;不完善的;不完美的」(likely to make mistakes or be wrong; imperfect),如 All human beings are fallible. (凡是人都難免犯錯) — 這句的意思相當於我們常見的成語 To err is human. (犯錯乃人之常情);fallible legal system (不完善的司法制度)。這個字的反義詞為 infallible。

Fallacious 意為「謬誤的」(mistaken; containing a fallacy or an error),如 That was a fallacious argument. (那是謬誤的論點);Your reasoning is obviously fallacious. (你的推論顯然是錯誤的)。

除意思不同外,這兩個形容詞的用法亦有差異。fallible 可以指人,但 fallacious 只能用於或修飾抽象名詞。