Contagious, infectious (adjs.)

這兩個形容詞都意為「(疾病) 會傳染的」,但 contagious 指的是 (身體) 接觸傳染的,如 Venereal disease and chickenpox are contagious diseases. (性病和水痘都是接觸傳染的疾病),而 infectious 指的則是由空氣傳染的 (airborne) 或由水傳染的 (waterborne),如 Influenza and measles are infectious diseases. (流行性感冒和麻疹都是會傳染的疾病)。

在比喻用法上,這兩個字是同義詞,意為「(情緒、想法、舉止等) 有感染力的」,如 Their enthusiasm was contagious/infectious. (他們的熱情有感染力);His optimistic mood was very contagious/infectious. (他的樂觀心情很有感染力);contagious/infectious laughter (有感染力的笑聲)。

play down; play off; play off against; play on; play out; play up; play up to; play with; plead out

play * down +
淡化;貶低;減低…的重要性
The President played down his affair with the intern.

play off
加賽以決定勝負
As both teams had the same points, they played off to decide the winner.

play * off against
挑撥離間,使相互爭鬥、對抗 (以坐收漁利)
He played them off against each other to get the best deal.

play on
繼續比賽
It looked like a foul, but the referee told them to play on.

play on
繼續演奏
The band played on for another hour.

play on/upon +
利用 (某人的弱點);玩弄 (某人的情感或特質) (以獲取自己想要的東西)
They are just playing on our fears to get us to do what they want.

play on +
一語雙關
The advert plays on the slogan.

play out
以…方式發展;以…作結局
Let’s see how things play out.

play * out +
裝出…真的發生的樣子
Computer games allow people to play out their violent urges.

play * out +
把…表演完;把 (比賽) 進行到底
Rain stopped them playing the game out.

play up +
誇大…的重要性;大肆喧染;凸顯
She played up her part in the new movie, but it was actually a very small role.

play up
調皮搗蛋;製造麻煩
The children played up all evening and drove the babysitter mad.

play up to +
逢迎,討好,巴結,取悅,奉承,向 (某人) 獻殷勤
She has been playing up to the boss because she wants a promotion.

play with +
擺弄,玩弄 (某物)
He can’t stop playing with his beard.

play with +
沒有吃很多;吃了一點而已
I wasn’t hungry, so I just played with the food.

play with +
稍作考慮
We played with the idea, but decided against it.

plead out
認罪 (以減輕刑期或罰款)
The CEO pleaded out and blamed the CFO for the fraud.

本文亦刊載在下列網址:
http://htmfiles.englishhome.org/phrasalverbs/phrasalverbs-p.htm

Q: Mary needn’t have taken her umbrella. 和 Mary didn’t need to take her umbrella. 有何不同?

A:needn’t have + P.P. 和 didn’t need to + 原形動詞都是在表示過去發生的事件。needn’t have done 是說本來不必做或用不著做,但卻做了;didn’t need to do 則是說不必做或用不著做,但有可能做了,也可能沒做。問題中 Mary needn’t have taken her umbrella. 的意思是說,瑪麗本來不用帶傘,但她卻帶了;而 Mary didn’t need to take her umbrella. 則是說她不必帶傘,但實際上可能帶了,也可能沒帶。因此,就 didn’t need to do something 的「不必」而言,實際上有沒有做,我們僅能從上下文來作判斷。請看下面的例句:

  1. I needn’t have prepared all that food. They phoned to say they wouldn’t be coming. (我原本不必準備那些食物。他們打電話來說不來了)
  2. I didn’t need to prepare all that food. They phoned to say they wouldn’t be coming. (我是不必準備那些食物的。他們打電話來說不來了)
  3. You needn’t have washed the dishes. I would’ve put them in the dishwasher. (你原本不必洗碗盤。我本來要把它們放到洗碗機去洗)
  4. You didn’t need to wash the dishes. I would’ve put them in the dishwasher. (你是不必洗碗盤的。我本來要把它們放到洗碗機去洗)
  5. The sun came out so we didn’t need to take any rainwear on the trip. (太陽出來了,所以此行我們不必帶雨衣了)
  6. We had plenty of petrol in the tank so we didn’t need to fill up. (油箱還有很多油,所以我們不必加油了)
  7. We didn’t need to wait for long for them. They arrived just after us. (我們不必等他們很久。他們就在我們之後到達)

上面第 1 至第 4 句都是不必做,但實際卻做了;第 1 和第 3 句很容易判斷,第 4 句也一看就知道,因為 I would’ve put them in the dishwasher. 是假設語氣,實際上碗盤並沒有被放入洗碗機裡面去洗,所以碗盤是用手洗的;第 2 句比較不容易判斷,但由於They phoned to say they wouldn’t be coming. 放在後面,因此認定應該是先準備好食物後,他們才來電說他們不來了。第 5 至第 7 句則是不必做,而事實上也沒做;第 7 句一看就知道,而第 5 和第 6 句應該也不難判斷,因為 The sun came out 和 We had plenty of petrol in the tank 發生在前 (原因),所以後面的動作就不必做了,實際上也沒有做 (結果)。

關於 need 的用法,還有一些地方需要注意。從上面的例句可知,這個字可作語氣助動詞或一般動詞用。當 need 作語氣助動詞用時,它幾乎都是用在否定句和 (少部分用在) 問句。若當一般動詞用,那麼它可用在肯定句、否定句和問句 (由此可知,在肯定句中,need 只能當一般動詞用)。所以,我們可以說

  • Need he study? (他必須唸書嗎?) 或
  • Does he need to study?

 

  • He needn’t study. (他不必唸書) 或
  • He doesn’t need to study.

 

  • He needs to study. (他必須唸書) (在肯定句中,need 只能用作一般動詞;主詞為第三人稱單數,動詞須加 s)

雖然 needn’t 和 don’t need to 可以互換,都是表示在立即的未來「不必」做某事 (請看下面的第 1 和第 2 句;我們也可將 need 用作名詞,如下面的第 3 句),但在表示「普遍的 (general) 不必」、而非「特定的 (specific) 不必」時,我們通常使用 don’t need to (第 4 句):

  1. You don’t need to water the garden this evening. It’s going to rain tonight. (今晚你不必到花園澆水了 — 因為今晚將會下雨)
  2. You needn’t water the garden this evening. It’s going to rain tonight.
  3. There’s no need to water the garden this evening. It’s going to rain tonight. (這三句都是指「今晚不必到花園澆水」此一特定事件的「不必」)
  4. You don’t need to pay for medical care in National Health Insurance hospitals. (在全民健保醫院看病不必付錢是「普遍的事件」。註:National Health Insurance 為我國全民健保,簡稱 NHI;National Health Service 為英國的全民健保,簡稱 NHS)

Q:But that there is water, there would be no fish. 這句是假設語氣的條件句,請問 But that 子句為何可以用現在式動詞?

A:But that 的意思是「若非;要不是」,是條件句的另一種句型。它的後面接子句,不過我們也可將之改為「but for + 名詞」(而 but for 又等於 without)。

由於 But that 子句敘述的是事實,所以若為現在式,則使用簡單現在式,若為過去式,則使用簡單過去式。而主要子句係屬假設的敘述 (非事實),所以若與現在事實相反,則句型為「主詞 + would/should/could/might + 原形動詞」;若與過去事實相反,則句型為「主詞 + would/should/could/might + have + P.P.」。不過,它們也都可以改為用 if 引導的假設語氣條件句。注意:此時 if 子句的敘述必須分別與現在和過去事實相反。請看下面的例句 (第一句為問題中的句子) 並加以分析,以徹底瞭解這些實用句型及其變化:

  1. But that there is water, (現在事實的敘述) there would be no fish. (與現在事實相反) — (要不是有水,就不可能有魚)
    = If there were no water, (若無水 — 與現在事實相反) there would be no fish.
    = But for water, there would be no fish.
    = Without water, there would be no fish. (but for = without,意思亦是「若非;要不是」,但後面接名詞)
  2. But that you helped me, (過去事實的敘述) I would not have succeeded. (與過去事實相反) — (要不是你幫忙,我就不會成功)
    = If you had not helped me, (如果沒有你的幫忙 — 與過去事實相反) I would not have succeeded.
    = But for your help, I would not have succeeded.
    = Without your help, I would not have succeeded.

Discrepancy, disparity (nn.)

這兩個名詞都有「差異」的意思,但它們差異的程度卻有很大的不同。discrepancy 意為「差異,不同,不一致;不一致或不相符之處」(difference, lack of similarity or agreement, inconsistency),可當可數或不可數名詞用,後面通常接介系詞 between 或 in,如 There is some discrepancy between their two descriptions. (他們兩人的描述有些出入);There was a discrepancy in the two reports of the accident. (關於那起事故的兩份報導有矛盾之處);There were some discrepancies in the statement he gave to the police. (他給警方的陳述有些地方不一致)。顯然地,discrepancy 所指的差異在程度上似乎不大。

Disparity 意為「差異,不同,不等,不一致;懸殊」,通常是指重大的差異,不相等,顯著的不同或根本不同 (important difference, inequality, something incongruous, markedly distinct, or fundamentally different),同樣可當可數或不可數名詞用,而後面亦通常接介系詞 between 或 in,如 The disparity between their proposals made compromise unlikely. (他們的提案差很大,使得尋求折衷變得不可能);There is still a disparity in salaries among people doing the same job. (同工不同酬的情況仍然存在);There is (a) considerable disparity in the rates of pay for men and women. (男女薪資的比率相差懸殊)。必須注意的是,disparity 前面若有修飾語,則該修飾語必須是能夠凸顯「差很大」、「懸殊」的字眼,如 considerable, great, significant 或 wide 等形容詞。

Q:在 I will quit my job and go work for another company. (我將跳槽到另一家公司) 這句中,go 的後面為何可以直接接原形動詞 work 呢?

A:這是美式英語的一種正規用法,而這種用法的實例俯拾即是,除問題中的句子外,在此再舉一例來加深大家對這種用法的印象:I must go buy some soft drinks for my wife. (我必須去幫我太太買一些清涼飲料)。在英式英語中,相對應的正規結構為:「go + and + 原形動詞」或「go + to + 原形動詞」。所以,上句亦可寫成或說成 I must go and buy (或 go to buy) some soft drinks for my wife.。

除 go 之外,come 也有相同的結構和用法,如 You can come live (= come and live/come to live) with us. (你可以來跟我們一起住);You will come see (= come and see/come to see) us sometimes, won’t you? (你有時會來看我們,對不對?) 。

然而,請注意:與 try and 不同的是,go/come + and 並無過去式或現在式的限制。因此,下面的句子也都是正確無誤的習慣用法:He came and saw me yesterday. (他昨天來看我);He went and thanked her last week. (他上週去謝謝她)。

Q: You can try and love her. 和 You can try to love her. 這兩句有何不同呢?

A:這兩句的意思 (你可以試著愛她) 完全一樣,因為 try and 和 try to 幾乎可以互換。try and 是口語用法,而且相當常用,如 We are going to try and (= try to) find a solution to the problem. (我們將設法找到這問題的解決辦法),但它不能用在正式書面文件和正式寫作中。

然而,必須注意的是,在否定句中,用 try to 會比用 try and 來得好,如 She didn’t even try to be polite. (她甚至不想試著客氣一點)。此外,當 try 有數、時態等的變化時,亦即 try 變成 tries, tried, trying 時,一般都用 try to 而不用 try and,如 We’re trying to (不能用 trying and) improve our teaching methods. (我們正設法改進教學方法);They tried to (不能用 tried and) break into the house. (他們試圖闖入那房子)。

Q:在 There is no student but likes her. 這句中,but 是何種詞類,而整句的意思為何?

A:這句的意思是「沒有學生不喜歡她」,亦即「每個學生或所有學生都喜歡她」。句中的 but 為連接詞,與其前面的 no 或 not 構成「沒有…不…」的意思;由於這種句型中的 There be 都是用單數,所以其意思可更精確地說成「沒有一個…不…」。

問題中的句子也可改寫為 There is not a (not a = no) student that doesn’t like her.。注意:在 there be 所引導的句子中,關係代名詞只能用 that。事實上,這個句子的原句應該是 Every student likes her.。再舉一例來說明之:

  • There was not a person but had tears in his/her eyes. (沒有一個人不熱淚盈眶)
    = There was not a person that didn’t have tears in his/her eyes.
    = They all had tears in their eyes. (所有人都熱淚盈眶)

Instructional, instructive (adjs.)

Instructional 意為「教學的;教學用的;教育的」,如 She used some instructional materials in class. (她在課堂上使用了一些教材);He had a desk full of instructional videos. (他的書桌擺滿了教學錄影帶);instructional methods/books (教學法/教學用書)。

Instructive 意為「有益的;增長知識的;有教育意義的;有啟發性的」,不可用來指人,如 The lecture was instructive and interesting. (這項演講既有益又有趣);This is an instructive book. (這是一本有教育意義的書);A trip around the world is an instructive experience. (環球旅行是一種增長見識的經歷)。

從上述可知,這兩個形容詞的意思並不相同,但它們有時可能接相同的名詞,如上述的 an instructional book 和 an instructive book。此外,它們可能出現在同一個句子中,此時區分它們之間意思的不同會變得更加重要,如 Some instructional manuals are worthless, but others can be most instructive. (有些操作手冊毫無用處,但其他手冊可能很有幫助);在這句中,instructional manual 通常寫成 instruction manual,意為「操作手冊;使用說明書」。

Q:Such was his thirst that he drank up the whole bottle of water. 這句的意義為何?

A:這句意為「他很渴,把整瓶水都喝光了」,是 His thirst was such that he drank up the whole bottle of water. 的倒裝句,屬於用來表示前因後果的 “such… that”、”so… that” (如此…以致於) 的句型應用。注意:so 後面要接形容詞或副詞 (so 為副詞),而 such 後面要接名詞或名詞片語 (such 為限定詞) 或不接名詞 (such 為代名詞)。我們可用 so… that 來加以改寫為 He was so thirsty that he drank up the whole bottle of water.。

同樣地,我們也可將 so 移到句首來強調表示事件之原因的形容詞,此時句子亦同樣要倒裝:So thirsty was he that he drank up the whole bottle of water.。再舉一例來加深讀者對這種句型的印象:

  • He was so surprised that he remained speechless for a few minutes. (他驚訝得好幾分鐘說不出話來) (正常句)
    = So surprised was he that he remained speechless for a few minutes. (倒裝句)
    = His surprise was such that he remained speechless for a few minutes. (正常句)
    = Such was his surprise that he remained speechless for a few minutes. (倒裝句)