tune in; tune in to; tune out; tune up; turn against; turn away; turn down; turn in; turn into

tune in
收看 (電視節目);收聽 (電台節目)
Be sure to tune in next week for the next episode.
Millions of people tuned in to watch the election results.

tune in to +
收看 (電視節目);收聽 (電台節目)
Make sure you tune in to next week’s show.

tune * out +
不再理睬;不再注意;不再過問
I tuned him out because he was talking such rubbish.

tune * up +
改善或提升機器或引擎的性能
He’s tuned his car up for the race.

tune * up +
(將樂器) 調音,定弦
The orchestra tuned up their instruments before the concert.

turn against +
與…為敵;與…反目;背棄
The public turned against the government when they became arrogant and ceased to listen.

turn * away +
不准…入內;把…拒之門外
They turned us away at the border because we didn’t have visas.
The doorman turned him away from the nightclub because he was wearing trainers.

turn * down +
拒絕 (提議、要求、邀請等)
She turned down the new job in New York, because she didn’t want to move.
They offered her the job, but she turned it down.

turn * down +
調低,關小 (音量 、溫度、亮度等)
I’m studying! Please turn down the TV.
Can you turn down the music a little bit?
The room was too hot, so she turned the heating down.

turn in
(晚上) 上床睡覺;就寢
It’s getting late. I think it is about time to turn in.
I turned in at half past eleven because I had an early start the next morning.

turn in +
繳交;遞交;上繳;交還
You need to turn in your essays next week.
Don’t forget to turn in your gun when you leave the police force.

turn into +
變成 (不同的事物)
When she kissed the frog, it turned into a handsome prince.

本文亦刊載在下列網址:
http://htmfiles.englishhome.org/phrasalverbs/phrasalverbs-t.htm

Q:Japan lies ________ the east of Asia. (1) in (2) on (3) to (4) at。上句的正確答案是那個?

A:in, on, to, at 這四個介系詞在此都是表示位置。

in 是表示在所指地點的範圍內,我們知道日本位在東亞,亦即亞洲東 (北) 部的範圍內 (境內),所以 in 是這問題的答案。再舉一例:Unemployment rate in the east of Taiwan is very high. (台灣東部的失業率很高)。

to 在與表示方向的字連用時,是表示在所指地點的範圍外,如 Taichung is a few hundred kilometers to the north of Kaohsiung. (台中位於高雄北方數百公里處) — 表示台中是在高雄以外的地方,不是在高雄境內。

on 在表示位置時,通常意為「在…的上面」,這是大家都瞭解的意思。但當 on 與 sea, river, lake, border, side (海洋、河流、湖泊、邊界、旁邊) 等字連用時,亦經常表示「在…的邊緣,瀕臨;沿著」(at the edge of; along) 的意思,這也表示在所指地點的範圍外,如 a town on the border (邊界城鎮,亦即靠近邊界的城鎮);New York is situated on the Hudson River. (紐約位於哈德遜河畔);trees on both sides of the street (街道兩旁的樹)。當然,on the sea, on the river 也有「在海上」、「在河上」的意思,但我們應該很容易就可從上下文判斷出來。在此要強調的是,on 在表示位置時,並非都是意為「在…的上面」。

at 表示在所指地點的某一點。然而,與 on 一樣,at 在表示位置時,並非都是這意思。當 at 與 door, table, desk 等字連用時,意為「在…的前面」,不是在某一點,如 He was standing at the door. (他站在門口 — 是站在門的前面不是門上);My wife is sitting at the desk reading newspaper. (我太太正坐在書桌前看報 — 不是坐在書桌上)。

Q:在 “In 1998 then President Clinton issued a memorandum….” 這句中,then 的後面要不要加連字號 (hyphen) 呢?

A:許多人不喜歡 then 的這種用法,但它自 16 世紀末期以來就一直存在,且被廣泛所使用。在此用法中,then 是形容詞,意為「當時的」。然而,當它的後面加上連字號,尤其是當它與另一個修飾語 (形容詞) 連用而又加上連字號時, then 就變成了副詞,如 “then-executive producer” (當時的監製 — 執行製片)、”then-White House Chief of Staff” (當時的白宮幕僚長),那麼整個片語看起來就顯得笨拙,不好處理,有時甚至會造成意思誤解的情況,所以 then 的後面不要加連字號。

Q:一本修辭書籍說,在 The house was set on fire and seriously damaged last night, but the perpetrator was unknown. 這句中,第二個 was 不可省略。但根據文法規則,這個 was 不是可以省略嗎?

A:「省略」(ellipsis) 是英文的主要特色之一,雖然「當省則省」、「能省就省」,但若省過頭就不合語法了。The house was set on fire and seriously damaged last night, but the perpetrator was unknown. (房子昨晚遭縱火而嚴重損壞,但兇手身份不明) 這句前半部中的 was 是個助動詞,因為它是被動結構,而後半部中的 was,則是個連綴動詞,所以兩者的功能或用法並不相同,當然不能省略。同樣地,在 The president was killed in a car accident, but his death was highly welcome in his country. (總統在車禍中喪生,但他的死卻受到該國多數人額手稱慶) 這句中,第二個 was 也不能省略。

Q:在動詞 hope + (that) 子句的結構中,有沒有 will 的意義有何差別?

A:hope 實際上是個很有彈性的動詞,我們通常將 hope 與簡單現在式連用來表示未來的意思。例如:

  • I hope that you pass your exam. (我希望你通過考試)

這好像第一條件句 (first conditional — 參見文末的附註),如 If you need anything, I will get it for you. (如果你需要任何東西,我可以幫你拿)。但在某些上下文中,也有可能使用 will。例如:

  • I hope that you will be able to be a student of National Taiwan University. (我希望你能成為台大的學生)
  • I hope that you’ll visit us again in the near future. (我希望不久的將來你能再度來訪)

在幾乎所有 hope + (that) 子句的結構中,will 都可用簡單現在式來取代,兩者的意義幾乎或完全一樣,但反之則不然。例如:

  1. I hope that he has his passport with him. (我希望他有帶護照)
  2. I hope that he will have his passport with him.

第 1 句不可改成第 2 句,因為前者有現在和未來的意思,但後者只有未來的意思。

所以,「hope + 簡單現在式」比「hope + will」要來得有彈性,但有時它們的意思是一樣的。再看一些例句:

  • They hope that you’ll remember your promise. (他們希望你記得你的承諾)
    They hope that you remember your promise.
    上面這兩句的意思幾乎相同。
  • I hope that you agree to the proposal. (我希望你接受這項提案)
    這句的意思可能是你已經看過或聽過該提案,但如果有人說:
  • I hope that you will agree to the proposal. (我希望你會接受這項提案)
    這句的意思比較不可能表示你已經看過提案,或許該提案都還未提出。

hope 亦可跟現在進行式連用,此時現在式與未來式之間的意思就有比較明顯的差異。例如:

  • I hope that you’re thinking of me. (我希望你正在想我)
    這句顯然是指我希望你現在正在想我,但
  • I hope that you’ll be thinking of me.
    這句顯然是指在未來的某個時間想我。

所以,在此可做個結論:我們最好使用「hope + 簡單現在式」,因為這比較有彈性,可以表示現在和未來的意思;但只有在你非常肯定你要表達的是未來的意思時才使用「hope + will」。

附註:英文第一條件句的句型是「If + S + 簡單現在式, S + will + 原形動詞」,係表示未來極有可能發生的情況;第二條件句 (second conditional) 就是與現在事實相反的條件句,而第三條件句 (third conditional) 則是與過去事實相反的條件句。

人多勢眾;人多膽壯;人多保險

英譯:
there’s safety in numbers

例句:
We decided to go to see the boss together; there’s safety in numbers. (我們決定一起去找老板,人多膽壯。)

Working on the principle that there’s safety in numbers, we decided we should all go and complain together. (基於人多勢眾的原理,我們決定應該一起去投訴。)

本文亦刊載在下列網址:
http://htmfiles.englishhome.org/idioms/idioms_chinese-1.htm

Q:as such 和 such as 有何不同?

A:這兩個片語看起來很像,但意思卻截然不同。as such 有兩個意思,第一個意思比較難解釋,大概是「以此身份」、「就其身份而言」的意思,係用來代替其前所提過的名詞,以避免重複。請看下面三句:

  1. I’m an English teacher, and because I’m an English teacher I hate to see grammar mistakes. (我是英文老師,因為我是英文老師,所以我不喜歡見到文法錯誤)
  2. I’m an English teacher, and as an English teacher I hate to see grammar mistakes.
  3. I’m an English teacher, and as such I hate to see grammar mistakes.

這三個句子的意思一樣,但以第 3 句最簡潔,因為它用 such 來代替句中的第二個 an English teacher,避免了第 1 和第 2 句出現兩次 an English teacher 的重複情況,合乎英文高度講究的「當省則省」要求。下面再來看兩個類似的例句:

  • She’s a famous singer, and as such she has made a lot of money. (她是名歌星,以此身份她已賺了很多錢)
  • The film was a romance, and as such it had the usual happy ending. (這部影片是愛情片,這種片子通常有圓滿的結局)

as such 的第二個意思是「就其真正的意義來說」。例如:

  • The shop doesn’t sell books as such, but it does sell magazines and newspapers. (就書的真正意義來說,這家店沒有賣書,但有賣雜誌和報紙) — 雜誌和報紙跟書相似,但它們不是真正的書。
  • He isn’t Taiwanese as such, but he’s spent most of his life here. (就台灣人的真正意義而言,他不是台灣人,但他的大半生都在台灣度過)

such as 就簡單多了,它意為「像…之類;例如」(like; for example),但 such as 和 like 或 for example 的用法並不相同,需特別注意 (以後會詳細討論)。現僅舉一例說明 such as 的用法:

  • Many countries in Europe, such as France and Germany, use Euros. (歐洲有許多國家,如法國和德國,都採用歐元)

simmer down; sink in; sit about/around; sit back; sit by; sit down; sit for; sit in; sit in for; sit in on

simmer down
鎮靜下來,冷靜下來,安靜下來
He told them to simmer down because they were disturbing the class next door.

sink in
逐漸被瞭解
The truth finally sank in about her death when it was broadcast on TV.

sit about/around
(尤指應該工作卻) 閒坐著,無所事事地坐著
We spent the afternoon sitting about chatting instead of doing any work.

sit back
不採取行動,袖手旁觀
We sat back and waited for them to make the first mistake.

sit back
舒服地坐著
I sat back and enjoyed the show.

sit by
坐視不管,袖手旁觀,無動於衷
I can’t sit by while they are punished wrongly.

sit * down
協助 (某人) 就座
The nurse sat me down in a chair.

sit for +
(指當模特兒或拍照時) 為…擺姿勢
The Queen sat for another official portrait.

sit for +
替人家照顧小孩 (尤指小孩的父母不在家時)
She sits for her neighbors when they go out.

sit in +
靜坐示威,靜坐抗議
The students sat in the Library as a protest against the increase in tuition fees.

sit in for +
臨時代替 (某人)
I’ll be sitting in for the secretary at the meeting tonight.

sit in on +
列席旁聽
She sat in on the meeting and took notes but said nothing.
Do you mind if I sit in on your class this afternoon?

本文亦刊載在下列網址:
http://htmfiles.englishhome.org/phrasalverbs/phrasalverbs-s.htm

Q:”postscript” 縮寫時,P 和 S 是否一定要大寫呢?

A:根據 The Gregg Reference Manual (by William A. Sabin. 9th Edition. McGraw-Hill),信末簽名後的附言 “PS.” 應全部大寫,而 P 的後面不加句點 (不過,大多數的英文字典在 P 的後面都會加上句點而寫成 P.S. 或 p.s.),而 S 的後面可加句點或冒號 (:),然後空一格或兩格。

第二個附言,也就是信末附言之後的再附言,則寫成 “PPS.” (但有些字典將它寫成 p.p.s.),這是 “post postscriptum” 的縮寫。第三個附言寫成 “PPPS.”。然而,除非是開玩笑,否則沒有人會寫三個以上的附言。

Q:在 I have (got) an appointment with my dentist tomorrow. 這句中,”have” 意為「有」(possess),是個狀態動詞。但在 The team members are having a meeting tomorrow. 這句中,have 卻用進行式,請問 have 到底是狀態還是動態動詞呢? 同樣的問題也發生在 “own” 身上。 own 一般是狀態動詞,不能用進行式,但在一本英文字典中卻出現這樣的句子:More and more people are owning bicycles.。

A:在 to have a meeting 中,have 到底是狀態動詞 (stative verb),還是動態動詞 (dynamic verb) 呢? 先不談這問題的答案,從這問題可以看出動詞的本質在英文文法中是個非常複雜且一直在改變的領域。

所有的文法書都會談到有些動詞是動態動詞,亦即它們是在敘述動作,而這些動詞經常使用進行式,如 do, eat, watch 等動詞都是。所以我們可以這樣說 I’m doing my homework, eating a sandwich and watching television all at the same time!。有些動詞則是狀態動詞,它們是在敘述狀態而不是動作,如 possess (擁有) 就沒有牽涉到動作。狀態動詞通常不使用進行式,所以不能說 I’m possessing a bike.。

然而,有很多動詞是兩者兼而有之,既是狀態動詞,亦是動態動詞。因此,如果問某位女性 Are you and your husband going to have any more children? (妳跟妳先生還要有更多的小孩嗎?),她可能回答說 No, we already have three. (不要,我們已經有三個了)。在這兩句中,動詞 have 都是狀態動詞,可用 have got 來替換且不應使用進行式。所以,如果她說 I am having three children already.,那就錯了。但如果有位太太打電話給她先生問說 What are you doing? (現在你在幹什麼?),他可能回答 I’m having a cup of coffee with my friend. (我正在和朋友喝咖啡)。此時這個 have 是動態動詞,其意思已經改變,它是在敘述進行社交活動的動作,意思可能是「吃,喝」等等。

這種情況與問題中 have 與 meeting 連用的情況非常相似。I have/I’ve got a meeting. 是狀態的,意為「有」(possess),而 We are having a meeting. 則是動態的,其意思相當於 We are meeting. 或 We are holding a meeting. (我們正在開會)。所以,to have a meeting 可以是狀態動詞,也可以是動態動詞,兩者兼而有之。由於問題中的句子 The team members are having a meeting tomorrow. (隊員明天將開會) 中有 tomorrow 這個表示未來的字眼,顯然這是個未來式句型;其實,這是英文中一種頗為常見的用法,亦即用現在進行式來表示不久的將來會發生的動作。

至於 own 被用作動態動詞,筆者不敢苟同。own 肯定只能當狀態動詞用,所以將它用於進行式是一種差勁的英文。當有人說 More and more people are owning bikes. 時,owning 真正的意思應是 getting 或 buying,否則應該說 More and more people own bikes. (越來越多人有腳踏車)。

遺憾地,這種將狀態動詞用作動態動詞的情況與日俱增。例如,在廣告中,為了增加「動」的效果,狀態動詞往往被用作動態動詞。大家一定看過一家著名速食連鎖店的廣告,其中有句廣告詞是這樣的:”I’m loving it.”。大家對於這樣的廣告詞看看或聽聽就好,別真的去學它,否則就糟糕了,因為 love 是個不折不扣的狀態動詞,不能有進行式。這樣拙劣的英語,避之都唯恐不及了,還要去學它嗎?