Q:有人將 The value of moral education cannot be overemphasized. 這句譯為「德育之價值不能太重視」,從中文的意思來看,這句的翻譯一定有問題,但看英文字面的意思又沒錯,這到底是那裡出了問題呢?

A:先前提到 “cannot…too…” 這個固定搭配,它的意思是「愈…愈好」,「再…也不為過」。這裡所提到的 cannot be overemphasized,其意思與此相當,所以這句的正確翻譯是「再怎麼重視德育之價值也不為過」或「無論多麼重視德育之價值亦不為過」。cannot be overemphasized 亦可寫成 cannot be overestimated,意思相同 。由此可知,我們必須對英文中容易發生意思誤解的片語、用法或句子多下一些功夫,以免鬧笑話。

同樣地,cannot exaggerate 也會造成如上述的意思誤解。例如,We cannot exaggerate the importance of patriotism. 這句字面上意為「我們不能誇大愛國心的重要性」,但其實不然。它真正的意思是「(對於)愛國心的重要性,無論如何誇大其詞,亦不為過」。這句中的 cannot exaggerate the importance = cannot appraise the importance too high。鑑此,cannot be overemphasized 和 cannot exaggerate 等動詞片語可被視為 “cannot…too…” 的「變形」。

Q:not a bit 和 not a little 有何不同?

A:a bit 和 a little 的意思幾乎相同,但兩者前面若加上 “not”,意思卻完全不同。not a bit 意為「一點也沒有;一點也不」,而 not a little 意為「很多;非常」。例如:

  • Tom wasn’t a bit surprised. (湯姆一點也不驚訝)
  • Tom wasn’t a little surprised. (湯姆非常驚訝)

a bit 和 a little (兩者皆當副詞用時) 在修飾動詞、形容詞時可以互換,如 The shirt looks a bit/a little large. (這件襯衫看起來有點大或看起來大了一點);但 a bit (不可當形容詞用) 後面不能直接接名詞,若要接名詞,須使用 a bit of,如 Give me a bit of water. (請給我一點水),而 a little (可當形容詞用) 後面可直接接名詞,如 There is a little food in the bowl. (碗裡有點食物)。

關於 not a little,也可使用 no little 或 quite a little 來表達相同的意思,這三個片語都與 much 同義,亦即 “not a little = no little = quite a little = much” (很多) — 它們都是接不可數名詞。若要接可數名詞,英文也有相對應的片語來表達相同的意思,它們是 “not a few = no few = quite a few = many” (很多)。例如:

He has much money but I have many books. (他有很多錢,但我有很多書)
= He has not a little money, but I have not a few books.
= He has no little money; I have no few books.
= He has quite a little money; I have quite a few books.
= He has a great deal of money but I have a large number of books.

Q:在會話中是否可以將 “for example” 簡潔地說成 “e.g.” 呢?

A:雖然 for example 的縮寫是 e.g.,但在談話中都是說 for example,鮮少說 e.g.,除非你是要唸出出現在文章中的這兩個字母。e.g. 是 exempli gratia 這個拉丁字的縮寫,其英文翻譯就是 for example,因此習以為常地就被拿來代替 for example。

根據論文主要寫作格式之一的 APA (American Psychological Association) 的參考手冊,寫作時應使用 for example 而不要用 e.g.。誠然,筆者不僅建議寫作時不要用 e.g.,就連會話時也不要用,因為在某些情況中,它的出現是非常不適當的。在下面所舉的三個例子中,無論用說的或用寫的,都要使用 for example,不能使用縮寫字,所以下面三句都是錯誤的:

  • *He likes bowling, e.g. (譬如說,他喜歡打保齡球)
  • *If you are in a supermarket, e.g., and somebody asks you… (如果你在超市,譬如說,有人問你…。)
  • *George Washington was truthful. E.g., he admitted cutting down the cherry tree. (喬治華盛頓是可信任的。例如,他承認砍倒櫻桃樹)

freeze out; freeze over; freeze up; freshen up; front for; front off; front onto; front out; front up; frown on/upon

freeze * out +
不讓…參加,排擠,排斥
They tried to freeze me out of the conversation.

freeze * out +
迫使退出、離職;逼走
After John was frozen out of the case, they hired a new lawyer.

freeze over
(湖泊、河流等水域) 結冰;冰封
The winter was very severe and the lake froze over.

freeze up
凍結;凍住了
The pipes all froze up so no water came through.

freeze up
(機器零件) 故障沒有作用了,不能運轉了
The gears had frozen up.

freeze up
(電腦) 當機
The computer froze up; it showed me the blue screen of death and I couldn’t reboot.

freeze up
(因緊張而) 呆住,發楞;(因怯場或害怕而) 講不出話來
We froze up when we heard the window break.

freshen up
梳洗 (一下)
I’m going to the bathroom to freshen up before they arrive.

freshen * up +
添 (酒)
Here, let me freshen up your drink.

freshen * up +
使清新;使潔淨;使煥然一新
The magazine gives you tips on how to freshen up your home cheaply.

front for +
為…作掩護;為…作幌子;代表某人以掩護其非法活動
The solicitor fronts for a number of criminal gangs.

front * off +
對峙;對抗
The two guys fronted each other off, but someone managed to calm them down before it got out of hand.

front onto +
(建築物) 面向,朝向
My house fronts onto the main square.

front * out +
面對 (某人) 來迎戰批評或攻擊
He accused her of lying, but she fronted him out.

front * up +
(購買某物前) 預付 (款項)
She fronted up the money we needed.

frown on/upon +
對…表示不悅/不滿;不贊成;反對
He frowns on people making personal calls at work.
My mother has always frowned upon spending money needlessly.

本文亦刊載在下列網址:
http://htmfiles.englishhome.org/phrasalverbs/phrasalverbs-f.htm

Q:”quite” 在會話中的意思很難瞭解,它到底是「完全,十分,非常」(totally, perfectly, completely) 還是「有幾分,頗為,相當」(partially, somewhat, fairly, rather) 呢?

A:答案是:quite 兼具這兩種意思。如果我們說 “I am quite happy.”,這可能意為「我頗為高興但不是十分高興」(I’m partially, fairly, somewhat happy but not completely happy),但也可能意為「我十分/非常高興」(I’m totally, entirely, completely, 100% happy)。

所以接下來您可能會問:我們要如何辨別它們的意思呢? 當有人說 I am quite happy. 時,要怎麼知道他們是表示「我有些高興」還是「我十分高興」呢? 如果光看這個句子,確實無法知道它表示那個意思。不過,別氣餒,有一些線索可以幫助我們解決這問題。

首先,英語中有些形容詞被稱為極限形容詞 (limit adjectives) 或不可分等級的形容詞 (non-gradable adjectives),這些形容詞本身的含意已包括極度的意思,因此通常沒有比較級和最高級形式,如 perfect, unique, enormous, worthless, impossible 以及現在分詞和過去分詞形容詞,如 disgusting, exhausted, tired, amazed, terrified, delighted 等等。這些形容詞雖沒有比較級和最高級形式,但卻可以用 absolutely, completely, perfectly, quite, simply, totally, utterly 和 wholly 等副詞來修飾以表示最高程度 (亦即已達極限),或者用 almost, nearly, practically, virtually 來修飾以表示接近最高程度 — 但請注意,現在分詞和過去分詞形容詞不能用 almost, nearly, practically, virtually 來修飾 。所以,如果我說 I am quite exhausted. 時,這一定意為「我極度/十分/非常疲倦」,因為它不可能表示「我有些極度/十分/非常疲倦」,這講不通。

其次,從上下文來判斷。我們往往可從說話者所說的話清楚地知道他或她所要表達的 quite 的意思。假設 John 最近生了一場病:

  • Mike: Are you feeling better now?
  • John: Yes, I’m feeling quite healthy, thank you. In fact, I feel great!

從上面的對話可知,由於 John 說 I feel great! (我覺得身體狀況棒極了),所以他可能表示他已完全康復,因此 quite healthy 應是意為「十分/非常健康」。

然而,他們的對話也有可能如下:

  • Mike: Are you feeling better now?
  • John: Well, I’m feeling quite healthy, but I still have a terrible headache.

在這裡,由於 John 說 I still have a terrible headache. (我的頭還是痛得很厲害),所以 quite healthy 應是意為「有些、部分健康但不是百分之百復原、十分健康」。

再者,如果這些句子是用講的,那麼我們通常可以從說話者的語氣和語調獲得線索。如果他或她說話的語氣肯定且句末的語調下降,那麼 quite 通常意為「完全,十分,非常」;然而,如果他或她說話的語氣比較不確定且句末的語調上揚,那麼 quite 通常意為「有幾分,頗為,相當」。

事實上,用 quite 來表示「完全,十分,非常」的意思現在是 “quite old-fashioned” (十分/非常老式的用法) — 起碼在口語是如此。在寫作,尤其是在正式寫作中,quite 有時還是會被用來表示「完全,十分,非常」的意思,所以在小說中您可能還會看到這樣的用法;但在現代英語口語中,quite 通常意為「有幾分,頗為,相當」。

Q:根據文法書,All we have to do is be careful. 這句中的 be careful 是省略 to 的 不定詞片語,當主詞補語。但有些句子並未省略 to,如 All he wanted was to marry a beautiful girl.。請問在這種句型中,省略或不省略 to 都可以嗎?

A:這種句型大多以「all + 形容詞子句」來做主詞 (當然還有其他主詞型態,請看下面的例句),以 BE 動詞為動詞,並以不定詞 (或不定詞片語) 當主詞補語 — 這裡的不定詞或不定詞片語是當名詞用。

英國人在這個不定詞前加與不加 to 都有人用,換言之,英國人對兩者兼容並用;但美國人通常不加 to — 英文稱這種不帶 to 的不定詞為 “bare infinitive”。例如:

  • All you have to do is (to) change your attitude. (你只要改變態度就好了)
  • All I did in the morning was (to) yawn. (早上我除了打哈欠外什麼事也沒做)
  • The only thing to do is (to) make a lot of money. (唯一的辦法就是賺很多錢)
  • What I have to do is (to) marry her. (我必須要做的就是跟她結婚)

從上面的例句可以看出,這些句子的主詞中都有一個相同的動詞 do。也就是 do 的關係,不定詞的 to 才可以省略。如果是 do 以外的其他動詞,無論是英國人或美國人都不會省略當主詞補語用的不定詞或不定詞片語的 to。例如:

  • All I want is to win the lottery. (我所要的就是中樂透)
  • What he plans is to study abroad. (他所計畫的是到國外留學)

溜之大吉;逃之夭夭;拔腿就逃

英譯:
take to one’s heels; show (someone) a clean pair of heels

例句:
The boys took to their heels when the farmer found them stealing his mangoes. (那些男孩在農民發現他們偷芒果時都溜之大吉了)

The criminal quickly showed the police a clean pair of heels when they found him with the stolen car. (當警察發現罪犯駕著那輛偷來的車子時,他飛快地逃之夭夭了)

本文亦刊載在下列網址:
http://htmfiles.englishhome.org/idioms/idioms_chinese-2.htm

Q:「我昨天買了 10 支 1G 的 DRAM」這句話可以這樣說 “I bought 10 1G DRAMs yesterday.” 嗎?

A:這句話的英文說法完全正確,但書寫上有個地方發生錯誤,那就是:當有兩個數字出現在名詞的前面時 (數字在英文中是當限定詞用,但我們也可視之為形容詞),第一個數字要用英文字,而第二個數字用阿拉伯數字。所以,10 應該用英文字,即 “ten”。

值得注意的是,計量單位的縮寫與其前的數字之間可空一格,如 1.8 m, 20 cm,亦可不空格 (英文新聞經常採用這種寫法),如 30mm。然而,當有兩個或以上的「數字 + 計量單位」並列或寫在一起時,如果數字和計量單位之間空一格,那麼計量單位只要寫一次即可,如 from 1.2 to 1.8 m,heights of 5, 10, and 20 cm, between 5 and 6 m;但如果數字和計量單位之間沒有空格,那麼計量單位必須重複寫出,如 a change from 90% to 99%, 28mm to 80mm lens。

所以,這句英文的正確寫法是:I bought ten 1 G DRAMs yesterday. 或 I bought ten 1G DRAMs yesterday.。

come along; come along with; come apart; come around/round; come around/round to; come before; come by; come down; come down on; come down with

come along
一起去,一塊走
If you want, you can come along.

come along
(通常用進行式) 取得進步,有所進展
How’s the research paper coming along?

come along with +
(跟某人) 一起去,一塊走
Sam came along with us to the beach.

come along with +
(通常用進行式) (某事) 取得進步,有所進展
How are you coming along with the research paper?

come apart
破裂,碎裂,裂開,碎開
It came apart when I tried to lift it off the floor and I had to glue it back together.

come around/round
甦醒,恢復知覺
It took several hours after the operation before he came around.

come around/round to +
同意或接受先前不同意或不喜歡的事物
They have started coming around to our way of thinking and are less hostile.

come before +
出庭;被提交給…考慮/討論/審判
He came before the court on charges of speeding.

come by +
得到,獲得
How did you come by that new Mercedes?

come by
(到某人家裡) 拜訪,串門子
I’ll come by later this afternoon.
I’ll come by after work and see if you need any help.

come down
下雨
Just look at the rain coming down! I’m not going out in that.

come down
南下;(從大城市) 來到 (較小的地方)
When you’re next in Taichung, come down and see us.

come down on +
斥責,訓斥
The management really came down on him for losing the contract.

come down with +
患/得…病,染上…病
He came down with the flu.
She came down with a virus.

本文亦刊載在下列網址:
http://htmfiles.englishhome.org/phrasalverbs/phrasalverbs-c.htm

Q:影片中有人說 Get a move on!,字幕上打的中文是「快點」。事後查字典確實有這個片語。口語不是要越簡潔越好嗎? 為什麼他不說 Hurry up! 呢?

A:一個片語中字數的多寡與它是不是口語無關;換言之,口語所用的片語並非總是由一、兩個字所構成,有時是「又臭又長」。例如,”to put one’s foot in one’s mouth” (意為「說錯話,說話不得體」) 這個成語有好幾個字,但它卻是一句很常講的話,一句很常用的口語;又如「事實上;實際上」在英文口語中大多說成 “as a matter of fact”,而 “in fact” 反而少用。因此,該片的人物說「快點」時用 get a move on 而不用 hurry up,應該是個人習慣的問題。

除 “get a move on” 外,英文中意思與 “hurry up” 相當的口語還有 “Step on it.”、”Step on the gas.” 和 “Make it snappy.”。這些口語都是經常與聞的,它們通常用於祈使句。