Staycation – 在家度假 (宅度假)

這個新字早在 2008 年 6 月初就已被「網路翻譯家」所收錄,而資料來源是美國《新聞週刊》(Newsweek) 該年 5 月 26 日一篇名為 “Try Freeloading Off Friends!” 的報導和《沙加緬度蜂報》(Sacramento Bee) 同年 5 月 5 日一篇名為 “Home for your holiday” 的文章。自此之後,由於全球經濟不景氣,這個字不時出現在外國新聞媒體,而國內中國時報 2009 年 6 月 25 日也根據外電撰寫了一篇有關 staycation 的報導。顯然地,這個字已成為英語字彙,只是尚未被大多數主流字典所收錄。

Staycation (n.) 指的就是 stay-at-home vacation,意為「在家度假,宅度假」,亦寫成 stay-cation。staycationer (n.):在家度假者。至於 stay-at-home vacation 中的 stay-at-home 是個形容詞,意為「戀家的;不愛出門的」,它經常與 mom 和 dad 連用,即 stay-at-home mom/dad (在家照顧孩子的媽媽/爸爸)。

以下為中國時報有關美國「宅度假」的報導的部分內容:

『時機歹歹省銀子 宅度假正潮

夏日炎炎何處去? 以往每年暑假將屆,無數經濟狀況還過得去的美國民眾,都會計畫出遠門度長假,就算不去歐洲亞洲,也要南下加勒比海或北上阿拉斯加。一星期不嫌短,兩個月不嫌長。然而去年夏天油價飆漲,美國社會也興起一股「宅度假」(staycation) 風氣,旅遊業頗受影響。

今年雖然油價回跌,但是經濟卻陷入長期衰退,旅遊業相當擔心,今年的美國民眾會比去年更「宅」。

顧名思義,宅度假就是不要出遠門,留在家中逍遙自在,或者前往住家附近的景點尋幽攬勝。這麼做有好處也有壞處,好處當然是既省錢又環保,既鬆弛身心又不會欠一屁股債。壞處則是無法增長見聞,也難以擺脫公司與工作的糾纏,甚至隨時可能蒙上司電召,誰叫你不出遠門!』

Q:It is obvious (that) he is right. 中的 that 可以省略,但 The news that the president was assassinated is true. 中的 that 卻不能省略,為什麼? 請問還有沒有其他情況是不能省略 that 的?

A:如果你將第二句的 that 拿掉,句子就變成 The news the president was assassinated is true. (總統遭暗殺的消息是千真萬確的),完全不合英文語法,所以 that 不能省略。在此,”that” 是連接詞,引導 “the president was assassinated” 構成名詞子句,做為 “the news” 的同位語。當 that 所引導的名詞子句做同位語時,that 不能省略。至於 It is obvious (that) he is right. (顯然地,他是對的),這句的 that 也是連接詞,引導 he is right 構成名詞子句,是本句的真正主詞,而 it (= that he is right) 是形式主詞,而在這種以形式主詞代替真正主詞並將真正主詞置於主句的動詞之後或挪到句末的句型中,that 可以省略;但若將真正主詞置於主句的動詞之前 (亦即下面所講的第1種情況),那麼 that 就不能省略。

關於 that 不能省略的情況,常見的應該還有下列幾種:

  1. that 所引導的名詞子句當句子的主詞時:That he came late made his teacher angry. (他遲到一事讓老師生氣)。
  2. that 所引導的名詞子句當主詞補語時:My idea is that we should get more people to do it. (我的想法是,我們應該叫更多的人來做這件事)。
  3. 在所謂「分裂句」(cleft sentences) 的強調句型 “It is/was… that” 中:It was they that cleaned the classroom yesterday. (就是他們昨天打掃教室) (在此,that 也可用 who 來代替,但僅限被強調的元素是人);It is English that Professor Chen teaches us. (陳教授教我們的課程就是英文)。
  4. that 所引導的名詞子句當主動詞的受詞,但這個子句被挪到句末,而其前面用 “it” 來做形式受詞時:They found it difficult that they would finish their work in two days. (他們覺得要在兩天內完成他們的工作是有困難的);He made it clear that he was not interested in this subject. (他清楚地表示,他對這主題沒興趣)。
  5. that 為關係代名詞,在關係子句 (形容詞子句) 中做主詞時:That is the same man that asked me for money yesterday. (那個人就是昨天向我要錢的男子),但 that 在關係子句中若做受詞,則可省略:The letter (that) I received was from my father. (我收到的那封信是我父親寫來的)。

Partially, partly (advs.)

這兩個副詞均意為「部分地」(in part),所以在一些上下文中,不少人認為 partially 和 partly 是可以互換的,如 The stream was partly polluted. (這條溪流遭到部分污染) 和 The stream was partially polluted. 這兩句對大多數英美人士來說意思是完全相同的。然而,事實上,它們的意思和用法並不完全相同。

Partially 意指「不完全地」(not completely; to a limited degree/extent),是 completely 的反義詞,而 partly 意指「僅涉及一部份,並非全部;有幾分」(not wholly; to some degree/extent),是 wholly 的反義詞。所以,partially deaf (弱聽) 是指整體的聽力減弱,而 partly deaf 則是指只有一耳聾了;a partially finished report 可能指一份已完全寫好但還需要做最後潤飾的報告,而 a partly finished report 可能指一份有些部分已完成,但其他部分可能都還沒開始撰寫的報告;a partially successful operation 意為「不完全成功的手術」,而 a partly successful operation 意為「有幾分成功的手術」。partially 和 partly 的語意差異在 His book, which was written partly in English and partly in French, was only partially completed when he died. (他的那本書,一部分用英文撰寫,一部分用法文撰寫,到他死時只完成了一部分) 這句中更顯而易見。

此外,partially 和 partly 的用法也不盡相同。partially 在使用上不若 partly 來得寬鬆。partially 須直接放在它所修飾的動詞、形容詞或其他副詞的前面,不可直接用於其他任何詞類之前,而 partly 則可修飾整個片語,如 He is partially responsible for the accident. (他對該事故負有部分責任);Her father is partially sighted. (她的父親弱視);The airline is partially owned by British Airways. (這家航空公司部分隸屬於英國航空公司)。所以,在下面三個句子中,我們不能用 partially 來代替 partly:

  1. Inflation has remained low, partly as a result of cheaper imports. (通貨膨脹率低,部分原因是進口產品價格較低所致)
  2. I’ll admit I was partly to blame. (我承認我也有錯)
  3. She was shaking all over, partly because she was so angry with John and partly because she was so afraid. (她全身發抖,一半是因為她對約翰氣憤不已,一半是因為非常害怕)

Flammable, incombustible, inflammable, noncombustible, nonflammable (adjs.)

千萬別把 inflammable 誤認為 flammable 的相反詞,這兩個形容詞可是同義詞,意為「可燃的,易燃的」:Petrol is highly (in)flammable. (汽油是高度易燃的)。Clothes shouldn’t be made of (in)flammable material. (衣服不應用易燃的材料製作)。長期以來,inflammable 一直是大家所使用的字,但消防機構、防火單位和保險業者顯然擔心 “in-” 這個字首被誤以為是 “un-” 或 “non-” 的意思 (如 sensitive-insensitive,visible-invisible,edible-inedible),因此決定在油罐車、易燃物質、警告標語和標籤上改用 flammable 以掃除所有疑義。這兩個字都仍有在使用且都是標準英語。英文中還有一個字跟它們同義,那就是 combustible。

Inflammable 和 flammable 的反義詞是 nonflammable, incombustible 或 noncombustible,這三個字都意為「不可燃的」。

特別要注意的是,inflammable 還有「易怒的,易激動的」意思:The situation is highly inflammable. (這情勢極易一觸即發)。在表示這項比喻性的意思時,我們只能使用 inflammable,不可使用 flammable 來代替。此外,有人可能會將 inflammable 和 inflammatory 搞混,後者意為「煽動性的,令人激憤的」:inflammatory remarks (煽動性的話);an inflammatory speech (煽動性的演說)。

Q:我是個 SOHO 族,請問我要用下面那一句來表達我在家裡工作或從事職業活動的意思? I work at home. 或 I work from home.

A:I work at home. 的意思是說我工作的地方或職業活動的中心就是我的私人住所。I work from home. 的意思是說我可能從事許多商業旅行或出差,但我職業活動的中心同樣也是我的私人住所。當我出差回來時,我是回到我自己的家,而不是回到某一辦公大樓。所以,這兩句應該都可以表達你想要表達的意思 — 如果你用搜尋引擎去搜尋 “work at home” 和 “work from home”,你會發現這兩個片語通常是可以互換的。此外,你還可以用 I work out of my house. 來表示幾乎完全相同的意思。

Continual, continuous (adjs.), continuance, continuation, continuity (nn.)

Continual 意為「多次重複的,頻繁的;連續的,不間斷的」,而 continuous 意為「連續的,不斷的」。這兩個形容詞的意思看起來似乎有所重疊,但它們的含意並不相同。continual 是在形容一段時間內多次重複的動作 (常指令人不愉快的動作),帶有時斷時續、週期性和間歇的意思。例如:He still smokes despite the continual warnings of his doctor. (儘管他的醫生多次警告,他還是抽菸);Continual rain ruined the crops. (連續陰雨毀壞了農作物);continual demands for improved working conditions (多次爭取改善工作條件的要求);continual hammering (一下又一下的敲打)。

Continuous 是在形容連續而未中斷的事物、事件或動作,帶有一刻也沒有停歇的意思。此外,在這兩個形容詞當中,只有 continuous 可以描述實體或實物。例如:The brain needs a continuous supply of blood. (大腦需要不斷的血液供給);The trees formed a continuous line on the horizon. (樹木在地平線上連成綿延不斷的線條);a continuous flow of water (汨汨流水);a continuous hum from the air conditioner (空調持續不斷的嗡嗡聲);continuous hammering (連續不斷的敲打);a continuous roll of paper (連在一起的一捲紙)。所以,「不斷的干擾/騷擾」是 continual interruptions/harassment,不是 continuous interruptions/harassment。

Continual 和 continuous 的語意差異亦適用於它們的副詞 continually 和 continuously。例如:I’m tired of the way he continually complains about everything. (我對他老是凡事抱怨感到厭煩);Our database is being continually updated. (我們的資料庫一直在更新);The plane landed after flying continuously for 16 hours. (飛機在連續飛行 16 小時後著陸);It rained continuously for three days. (雨一連下了三天 — 中間沒停過)。

標題這三個名詞都導源於動詞 continue,但它們的意思或語意略有不同。continuance 意為「繼續,持續」,是指動作或時間的持續,中間通常沒有停頓或中斷,如 The continuance of this drought will ruin the harvest. (旱災持續下去會把莊稼毀掉);his continuance in office (他的繼續留任)。continuation 同樣意為「繼續,持續」,但通常指停頓或中斷後再繼續、恢復,如 We look forward to a continuation of the talks next week. (我們都盼望下週能繼續會談);Continuation of my work was difficult after I had been ill for six months. (我生了半年病後,對繼續工作感到很困難)。儘管語意有所差異,但在一些上下文中,continuance 和 continuation 是可以互換的,如 the continuance/continuation of the strike (罷工的持續)。不過,它們還各有一個意思是對方所沒有的:continuance 在美國也是一個法律用語,意為「延期審理」,而 continuation 特有的意思是「續編;延續物,接續物;延續部分」,如 The road is a continuation of the M6 motorway. (這條路是 M6 高速公路的延伸);His second novel is a continuation of the first. (他的第二本小說是第一本的續集)。

Continuity 意為「連續性;持續性:連貫性」,指繼續或延續的狀態,如 The school was like a second family, providing continuity and stability. (學校就像第二個家庭,提供延續性和穩定性);There’s no continuity between the parts of his book. (他的書各個部分之間沒有連貫性 — 亦即各個部分之間沒有關連)。此外,continuity 在電影、廣播和電視劇中還有一項專門意思,那就是「(電影、電視的) 場景串聯;(廣播等的) 節目串聯」,如 The continuity girl is responsible for making sure that the actor wears the same hat in both scenes. (女場記要負責確保那位演員在兩個場景中戴同一頂帽子)。

block off; block out; block up; blow away; blow down; blow in; blow off; blow out; blow over; blow up

block * off +
封鎖;封閉;阻斷
The police blocked off the road after the murder.

block * out +
擋住,遮住 (光線或聲音)
The trees block the sun out most of the day.

block * out +
不去想;不去回憶
It was so unpleasant that I try to block it out– otherwise, I’d just be angry all the time.

block * up +
阻塞;堵塞;封鎖
The pipe’s blocked up and no water gets through.

blow * away +
槍殺
He grabbed a gun and blew the police officer away.

blow * away +
輕易戰勝;輕易打敗;輕取 (對手)
Their new product has blown all the others away.

blow * away
讓…印象深刻
Her first novel blew me away.

blow away
(被風等) 吹走
The flag blew away in the storm; we’ll have to buy a new one.

blow * down +
(被風) 吹倒
A tree was blown down in the storm.

blow in
意外地到來、造訪
My cousin blew in unexpectedly with his entire family.

blow * off
沒有做 (承諾過或安排好的事情)
We were going to meet last night, but she blew me off at the last minute.

blow * off +
忽視;認為…不重要
I blew the homework off and did badly.

blow * out +
(被) 吹熄
She blew the candles out on her birthday cake.

blow over
(危險或難堪的情況) 平息;被淡忘;過去了
All this negative publicity will blow over in a couple of weeks.
The scandal blew over within a fortnight when the press found someone else to attack.

blow * up +
爆炸;(被) 炸毀
The terrorists blew the bridge up.

blow up
爆炸
The bomb blew up before they could defuse it.

blow up
氣炸了;大發雷霆
When Joan heard the news, she blew up and rushed out of the room.

blow * up +
給…充氣
The pressure was low, so I blew the tyre up.

本文亦刊載在下列網址:
http://htmfiles.englishhome.org/phrasalverbs/phrasalverbs-b.htm

Born, borne (past participle, adj.)

Bear 是個相當常用的動詞,主要意為「忍受,忍耐,容忍 (通常用於否定或疑問句);帶有,具有,印有,寫有,刻有;運送,攜帶;(對某人) 懷有 (某種感受,如懷恨);生 (孩子)」。bear 的過去式為 bore,過去分詞為 borne,但作「生,生育」(to give birth) 之意時,它的過去分詞則有兩種型態:born 和 borne。

當 bear 意為「生,生育」時,born 都用在沒有 by 的被動態且當分詞形容詞用,如 He was born in Japan. (他在日本出生);The twins were born on February 15, 1969. (這對雙胞胎生於 1969 年 2 月 15 日);The baby was born to a very young woman. (這嬰兒是一位年紀非常輕的女子所生);Amy was born into a large/wealthy family. (艾美出生於一個大家庭/富裕家庭) — 請注意上面四個例句中介系詞 (in, on, to 和 into) 的用法。當形容詞用的 born 除了「出生的,誕生的」意思外,還意為「天生的,生來就有的,有天才的,命中注定的」,如 She was considered a born movie star. (她被視為天生的電影明星);He is a born leader/writer. (他是天生領袖/天才作家);She was born to succeed. (她命中注定會成功的)。注意:當 born 意為「出生的」時,be born to 後接名詞或名詞片語 (to 為介系詞),而當 born 意為「命中注定的」時,be born to 後接原形動詞 (to 為不定詞)。

當 bear 意為「生,生育」時,borne 僅當過去分詞用,主詞都是 mother, woman 或 she,如 The woman has borne three sons. (這位女人已生了三個兒子),She had borne six children. (她生過六個小孩),而且只能用於主動態,換言之,上面的例句 The baby was born to a very young woman. 不可寫成 The baby was borne to a very young woman.。

如上所述,在 bear 的其他意思上,不管動詞是主動還是被動,它的過去分詞恆為 borne,如 He has borne a grudge for many years. (他已懷恨多年);They had borne enough pain. (他們已忍受了過多的痛苦);The prisoner’s story was borne out by his wife. (那囚犯的供述為他的妻子所證實);The following points should be borne in mind. (下列要點要記住)。to bear out 和 bear in mind 都是常用的片語,前者意為「證實,為…作證,支持 (某種說法)」,後者意為「記住;考慮」。事實上,borne 亦可當形容詞用,但僅用在 “be borne in on/upon somebody” 這片語以及與名詞連用所構成的形容詞中,前者意為「為某人所意識到;為某人所瞭解」,後者意為「由…所攜帶的;由…所傳播的」:Slowly it was borne in on the citizens that the enemy had surrounded them. (市民漸漸意識到敵人已經包圍了他們);Some plants have windborne seeds. (有些植物靠風傳播種子);Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease. (瘧疾是由蚊子傳播的疾病);airborne pollution (空氣傳播的污染);airborne supply (空中補給);airborne troops ( 空降部隊)。

拼字錯誤的情況經常發生,尤其是當 bear 意為「生,生育」而用法是被動態或形容詞時,born 往往被誤寫成 borne。

Doubtless (adv., adj.), doubtlessly, indubitably, no doubt, undoubtedly, unquestionably, without doubt (advs.)

Doubtless 雖然在一般字典裡還有當形容詞和副詞用的「無疑的 (地)」(free of doubt) 的意思,但這意思已經不用了。現在它僅當副詞用,意為「很可能地」(very likely, very probably)。由於 doubtless 是個副詞,所以 doubtlessly 通常被視為多此一舉或不正確的用字:It will doubtless rain on the day of the welcome party. (歡迎酒會當天很可能會下雨)。no doubt 的肯定性 (certainty) 或許比 doubtless 略強一點,但兩者的意思並無二致,都是在表示說話者並非十分肯定,甚至心中還存疑:No doubt she will be at the party tonight. (她今晚很可能會參加聚會);No doubt he is very clever but I still can’t understand what he is saying. (他可能很聰明,但我還是不能瞭解他在說什麼)。no doubt 通常放在句首。

Doubtless 和 no doubt 是標題幾個字中肯定性最弱者。其餘幾個字都是在表達「無庸置疑地;毫無疑問地;無可爭議地;明確無誤地;肯定地」的意思。undoubtedly 和 without doubt (或 without a doubt) 的肯定性比 doubtless 和 no doubt 高出許多:She is without doubt the most popular singer. (無疑地,她是最受歡迎的歌手);There will undoubtedly (= certainly) be troubles with the unions if he is dismissed. (如果他被解雇,肯定會發生涉及工會的糾紛)。indubitably 和 unquestionably 則是這些字當中肯定性最強的,在表達十分肯定、絕對肯定,沒有任何懷疑空間的意思,其中 indubitably 是個比較正式的用字:He is indubitably/unquestionably the best tennis player in the country. (無庸置疑地,他是全國最優秀的網球選手)。

有些人將 undoubtedly 誤拼成 undoubtably,顯然他們將 undoubtedly 跟 indubitably 搞混了。

Definite, definitive (adjs.), definitely, definitively (advs.)

這兩個形容詞的意思有很大的不同。definite 意為「肯定的,一定的;明確的,確切的;限定的」(certain, clear, precise),如 There’s a definite link between smoking and some types of cancer. (抽菸和某些種類的癌症肯定有關連);We demand a definite answer. (我們要求一個明確的答覆);We haven’t arranged a definite date for our visit yet. (我們尚未安排一個確切的訪問日期);definite article (定冠詞)。此外,definite 還不時與介系詞 about 連用來表示「清楚的」意思,如 Mary was very definite about (= very clear about) her intention to travel the world. (瑪麗非常清楚自己環遊世界的打算)。

Definitive 意為「最後的,決定性的」(final, conclusive),如 The Supreme Court made a definitive decision. (最高法院作出了最後的判決);After some thought, he gave us a definitive answer. (幾經思考後,他給了我們最後的答覆)。由此可知,definite 和 definitive 可以修飾相同的名詞,如 a definite/definitive answer,但意思卻截然不同。此外,definitive 還意為「最完整可靠的;最好的;權威的」(the most nearly complete, better than all others, authoritative),通常用來形容作品或表演,如 She’s written the definitive biography (or definitive life) of Abraham Lincoln. (她寫了最完整可靠的 [最權威的] 林肯傳記);This little book is the definitive travel guide to Taiwan. (這本小書是最好的台灣旅遊指南)。

Definite 的副詞 definitely和 definitive 的副詞 definitively的意思同樣壁壘分明。definitely 意為「肯定地;當然;明確地」,如 He is definitely coming. (他一定會來);I cannot say definitely until I see John. (我要等見了約翰後才能有個明確的說法)。definitively 意為「最後地,決定性地;完整可靠地;權威地」,如 The Supreme Court’s decision solved the problems definitively. (最高法院的判決終於解決了這些問題)。

由於 definite 及其相關字的最後一個音節是弱讀,因此經常被拼錯,將 -ite 誤拼為 -ate。果不其然,根據英國 2009年 6 月 15 日公布的一項調查,英國人最常拼錯的單字就是 definitely,常被誤拼為 definately。