Q:在 Judging by her face, she was very angry. 這句中,分詞結構 “Judging by…” 的邏輯主語顯然不是 she,那麼它不就是 dangling participle 了嗎?

A:誠然,句中分詞結構 “Judging by her face” 的邏輯上或意義上的主詞的確不是主要子句的主詞 she,所以它被誤認為 dangling modifier 或 dangling participle (不連結的分詞或虛懸的分詞) 並不令人驚訝。事實上,”judging by” (亦可寫成 judging from,意為「根據…來判斷,由…看來」) 相當於 “If we are to judge by” 的意思,顯然兩個子句的主詞並不相同。然而,這個分詞片語現在無論在美國或英國都頗為常見,它被用在附屬子句的前面,但其所引導的分詞結構與主要子句的關連性並不強。因此,我們不能把 judging by/from 視為一般的分詞構句,或者說應把它視為一種獨立的分詞結構。換言之,它並非 dangling participle。例如:

  • Judging by what everyone says about him, I’d say he has a good chance of winning. (根據大家對他的評價來判斷,我想他獲勝的機會很大)
  • Judging from his accent, he comes from the south. (從他的口音來看,他是南方人)

如上所述,這個分詞結構有可能被誤以為是 dangling participle。如果你發現確實有這種可能性存在,那麼最好退而求其次地使用 “If we are to judge by”。

Q:如果句子的最後一個字是有句點的縮寫字,那麼要怎樣標示標點符號來表示句子的結束呢? 下面哪一句才正確: (1) The meeting ended at 10:05 p.m. (2) The meeting ended at 10:05 p.m..

A.:縮寫字後面的句點就就足以結束句子,亦即縮寫字的句點兼具句子結束的句點,所以句 (1) 是正確的寫法。但如果這是個問句,那麼除了縮寫字的句點外,我們還要加上問號,如 Did the meeting end at 10:05 p.m.? (會議在下午 10 時 5 分結束嗎?)。

蒸蒸日上;竿頭日進

英譯:
on the up and up (also, on the up-and-up)

例句:
Our business is on the up and up. (我們的生意蒸蒸日上)

From now on everything is on the up-and-up. (從現在起,一切都會越來越好)

附註:
on the up and up 這個成語在英式英語中意為「蒸蒸日上;竿頭日進」,但在美式英語 (口語) 卻意為「誠實的,正直的 (honest);可靠的,值得信賴的 (trustworthy)」,如 Mary, don’t think everyone is on the up and up with you. There are dishonest people around. (瑪麗,不要以為每個人都對你很誠實。有些人是不誠實的 )。

本文亦刊載在下列網址:
http://htmfiles.englishhome.org/idioms/idioms_chinese-2.htm

Q:複合形容詞可能:1. 以連字號 (hyphen) 連接在一起 2. 單獨一個字 3. 分開成兩個字。請問是否有規則可以讓我們知道何時該使用這三種形式中的某一種形式?

A:連字號都用在複合名詞、複合形容詞和字首 (prefix) 中:

複合名詞

大多數的複合名詞都被寫成兩個字 — 不過,這並非硬性規定:hyphen usage (連字號用法),swimming pool (游泳池),driving license (駕照),human being (人類),contact lens (隱形眼鏡)。

在通常以連字號連接的複合名詞中,最常見者包括 passer-by (過路人,這個字現在也寫成 passerby),dry-cleaning (乾洗),X-ray ( X光),mother-in-law (岳母;婆婆) 和 daughter-in-law (媳婦) 等,pen-friend (筆友),T-shirt (T恤),parent-teacher association (家長教師聯誼會,簡稱 PTA),do-it-yourself (自己動手做)。

當複合名詞被用作形容詞時,它們通常加連字號。試比較下列兩句:

  • The afternoon was so hot that I decided to go to the open-air swimming pool. I love to eat in the open air in the summer. (下午太熱了,所以我決定到室外游泳池游泳。夏天時我喜歡在室外或露天用餐)
  • Air traffic was so dense that afternoon that air-traffic control could hardly cope. (那天下午的空中交通太密集了,所以空中或航空交通管制差點無法應付)

複合形容詞

大多數的複合形容詞都是由兩個字或有時三個字所構成,而這些字之間通常會使用連字號,下面為一些常見的複合形容詞及經常與其搭配的名詞:a clear-cut decision (明確的決定),a far-fetched explanation (牽強的解釋),a low-cut dress (低胸的洋裝),a free-and-easy relationship (隨便的關係),an off-hand remark (隨口說出的話),cold-blooded murder (冷血、殘忍的謀殺),an all-out effort (全力以赴),a deep-sea diver (深海潛水伕),full-time staff (專職職員),a jet-black sky (烏黑的天空),snow-white shoes (雪白的鞋子)。

注意:雖然複合形容詞在修飾名詞 (放在名詞的前面) 時都會加連字號,但在作主詞補語時通常不用連字號。試比較下面的句子:

  • The products on the shelves were out of date and had to be withdrawn. (貨架上的產品已經過時,必須收回)
  • His out-of-date argument gathered little support. (他過時的論調難獲支持)
  • Out-of-work policemen often find employment as security guards, but it is not so easy for teachers who are out of work to find other jobs. (失業的警察經常會找到當保全人員的工作,但失業的教師要找到其他工作就沒有這麼容易了)

字首

co-, non- 和 ex- 這三個字首有時使用連字號與其後的名詞、形容詞或動詞連接:

  • Non-profit-making organizations are non-existent in this country. (沒有獲利的公司無法在這個國家生存)
  • His co-operation in the co-production was much appreciated. (他在聯合生產方面的合作深獲感激)

break off; break out; break out in; break out of; break through; break up; breeze along; breeze in; breeze into; breeze through

break * off +
(關係、協議等) 結束,中斷
Sally broke her engagement to John off.
She broke off their engagement when she found out that he’d been unfaithful.

break * off +
折斷
She broke off a square of chocolate and gave it to her dog.

break out
爆發,發生
Violent protests broke out in response to the military coup.

break out +
打開 (某物來慶祝)
He broke out the champagne to celebrate his promotion.

break out in +
(皮膚上) 開始出現
The skin on my arms was breaking out in a rash.
Mary broke out in spots this morning.

break out of +
脫逃;逃出
The murderer broke out of the prison.

break through +
衝破;突圍;突破
The crowd broke through the police barriers and attacked the hunters.

break up
(英) (學校) 放假;期終
Schools break up at the end of June for the summer holidays.

break up
(個人關係等) 破裂;斷絕
Sam and Diane broke up again. What a rocky relationship.
The marriage broke up just a few years later.

break up
(收音機或電話裡的聲音) 斷掉
You’re breaking up; I’ll call you back in a minute and see if we get a better connection.
I can’t hear you; you’re breaking up.

break up
碎裂;碎開
The plate broke up when he dropped it on the floor.
The plane broke up in mid-air.

break * up +
打碎;粉碎
I broke the cracker up into pieces and put it in the soup.

break * up +
驅散 (群眾);制止 (打鬥)
The police broke the demonstration up before it got out of control.

breeze along
輕易而快速地移動、前進等
The film breezes along for the first hour, then becomes rather dull and slow.

breeze in
快速地進來
He breezed in and started shouting at us.

breeze into +
快速地進入 (某場所)
He breezed into the room and switched the TV on.

breeze through +
輕易地通過 (測驗、考試等);輕而易舉地做
She breezed through her exams.

本文亦刊載在下列網址:
http://htmfiles.englishhome.org/phrasalverbs/phrasalverbs-b.htm

Q:”(to) fire in anger” 的意思為何?

A:針對這片語,筆者查了幾本字典都查不到,最後只好藉助於網路搜尋引擎,終於找到了答案。經過一番整理、消化和歸納,得出這片語有兩個意思,一是用於有關軍事的上下文,另一則是用於非軍事的場合。若干軍事網站都使用 fire in anger 來表示在戰爭中發射砲彈或開槍射擊,目的是要置對方於死地、造成敵人嚴重傷亡或使敵人遭受重大破壞,所以這並非指練習或演習的射擊、砲轟,而是指實彈的攻擊,如 Our submarine shot missiles at an enemy ship. (我方潛艦對敵艦發射飛彈) 與 Our submarine fired in anger at an enemy ship. 的意思相當。

fire in anger 的第二個意思是「憤怒地射擊」,即 to shoot angrily。這是用於非軍事的場合,如 The man waved his gun around, shouting and firing in anger. (該男子揮動他的槍枝,大吼大叫並憤怒地開槍射擊)。另外,fire 和 in anger 可以分開,如 John fired his pistol in anger at his ex-girlfriend’s house. (約翰持手槍怒氣衝天地射擊他前女友的房子)。

Q:有些專有名詞 — 尤其是公司名稱 — 不大寫,如 “eBay”。若一個專有名詞平常不大寫,那麼當它們出現在句子的開頭時是否要大寫呢? eBay is an online company. 還是 EBay is an online company. 呢?

A:英文句子的第一個字一定要大寫,即使它們平常是小寫的,所以若以一家名稱平常不大寫的公司做句子的開頭,那麼它也要大寫,如 “EBay is an online company.” (eBay 是一家線上公司)。要避免這種情況,唯一的方法就是把句子寫成這樣:”The eBay corporation is….”。

惶惶不可終日;惶惶不安;忐忑不安

英譯:
have kittens

例句:
When I heard the bad news, I began to have kittens. (聽到這壞消息後,我開始惶惶不安)

His mother nearly had kittens when Alex announced that he wanted to be a trapeze artist. (在艾立克斯宣布他想成為高空鞦韆表演人之後,他的母親幾乎惶惶不可終日)

本文亦刊載在下列網址:
http://htmfiles.englishhome.org/idioms/idioms_chinese-2.htm

Q:一般文法書對於 used to 和 would 的解釋幾乎都是說,它們是指過去習慣性和經常性的動作,但現在已經不做了,而 used to 也可指過去存在的狀態,但現在已不存在。然而,這樣的解釋似乎無法讓我們準確地判斷這類句子到底要使用 used to 或 would 或是兩者,不是嗎?

A:這樣的解釋的確無法讓我們準確地判斷它們的用法。現在換個角度來說明它們的用法。事實上,一般文法書的解釋也沒有錯,used to 和 would 是指過去習慣性和經常性的動作,但現在已經不做或不再發生,而 used to 也可指過去存在的狀態或情況,但現在已不存在。所以,在一個句子中,有時使用 used to 或 would 都可以,有時則只能使用 used to。請看下面的例句:

  • I used to live in Taipei, but I moved to Kaohsiung last year. (過去我都住在台北,但去年搬到高雄)
  • When he was at school, he used to play baseball every Saturday. (過去在學期間每個週末他都會或常常去打棒球)
  • She used to hate her job until she got a promotion. (過去她一直討厭她的工作,直到獲得升遷)

這三個句子都是敘述過去的動作或情況,但現在都不存在了。

我們使用 used to 來表示在過去持續一段時間的動作或情況,但不能表示突然發生或發生的時間很短暫的事件。所以,我們不能說 I used to have a really good idea when I was brushing my teeth this morning. (今晨刷牙時我常常有個確實很好的構想),因為「有個確實很好的構想」是突然或瞬間發生的。

現在來看 would 的用法。下面為 would 的一些例句:

  • When he was at university, he would sleep until noon on the weekends. (他唸大學的時候,每個週末常常或都會睡到中午)
  • My sister lived in the U.S. for many years, but she would always come home for the Lunar New Year. (我姊姊過去在美國住了許多年,但她都會回來過農曆新年)
  • I would always forget my homework, until the teacher threatened to punish me. (我過去老是忘了作業,直到老師揚言要處罰我)

同樣地,這些句子也都是敘述過去的動作或情況,但現在都不存在了。然而,必須注意的是,這些句子都是在敘述不斷重複的動作或情況。「每個週末常常或都會睡到中午」、「都會回來過農曆新年」、「老是忘了作業」,這些事情都重複了很多次,不斷地重複。

這就是 used to 和 would 的差別。我們僅用 would 來敘述過去不斷重複或重複很多次的動作或情況,而 used to 則用來敘述在過去持續一段時間的動作或情況,且包括不斷重複或重複很多次的動作或情況。

為了更清楚地說明它們的差異,現在再來看上面三個使用 used to 的句子,看它們能不能用 would 來代替 used to。

第一句:I used to live in Taipei, but I moved to Kaohsiung last year.

這裡可以用 would 來代替 used to 嗎? 不行! 因為 live in Taipei 並非不斷重複或重複很多次的動作或情況,它只是過去的一種情況或狀態。所以這句只能用 used to。

第二句:When he was at school, he used to play baseball every Saturday.

這裡談論的是 play baseball every Saturday,這是重複許多次的動作。所以可以用 would 來代替 used to:When he was at school, he would play baseball every Saturday.。換言之,這句使用 would 或 used to 都可以,意思一樣。

第三句:She used to hate her job until she got a promotion.

過去她討厭她的工作很多次嗎? 不,這並非反覆性的動作。所以,在本句中,不能使用 would 來代替 used to,僅能使用 used to。

Q:”It is cold today.” 是否可以改成 “Today is cold.”?

A:一些人習以為常地說 “Today is cold.”,其實這並非正規的英語。在 It is cold today. 中,today 是當副詞用,意為「在今天」;當 today 被拿來用作主詞時,其句子必須如 Today is Sunday. 這樣表示日期的構造。

但在這裡,it 是指天氣、氣候,如 It must have rained last night. (昨晚必定下過雨) 或 It snowed a lot yesterday. (昨天下了很大的雪)。此外,it 也可表示時間或日期 (如 a 句)、距離 (如 b 句) 或環境 (如 c 句) 等:

a. It is ten o’clock now. (現在是 10 點鐘)
b. It is a long way to Taipei. (去台北的路很長)
c. It is very noisy. (這裡很吵)

關於用 it 來表示日期,有兩個問句是我們日常生活中經常會用到的,其一就是問人家「今天星期幾」,另一是問「今天幾月幾號」。在此,我們分別列出這兩個問句常用的三種說法,供大家參考:

What day is today? (最多人使用)
What day is it today?
What is the day today? (最少人使用)
(今天星期幾)

What date is today?
What date is it today? (最少人使用)
What is the date today? (最多人使用)
(今天幾月幾號)