Complete, finish (vv.)

這兩個動詞均意為「完成」,但不僅用法有所出入,就連含意有時甚至截然不同,使用時不可不慎,如 What time does the birthday party finish? (生日派對什麼時候結束?),句中 finish 不可用 complete 來代替,因為 finish 可用作不及物動詞,但 complete 卻不行。。

Complete 意為「完成」,僅能用作及物動詞,係表示完成比較重大的事情,如計劃、理想、事業、工程、建築、書籍、作品等,後面可接名詞或代名詞,但不可接動名詞,如 By the end of December work on the new bridge will be completed. (到了十二月底,新橋樑工程將完成);The students have just completed their course. (學生剛完成他們的課程);The library took three years to complete. (這座圖書館花了三年才建成)。

Finish 意為「完成、結束」,可當及物和不及物動詞用,係表示完成某事,著重於最後是否完成而不注重整個過程,後面可接名詞和動名詞,如 Donna hasn’t finished her work yet. (唐娜還沒完成她的工作);Carl has finished reading that book. (卡爾已讀完那本書);Eugene finished second. (尤金獲得第二名)。

此外,finish 還意為「吃完;喝完;用完」,而這是 complete 所沒有的意思。例如:

  • Justin finished his coffee quickly. (賈斯汀快速地喝完咖啡) (正)
  • Justin completed his coffee quickly. (賈斯汀快速地喝完咖啡) (誤) - 僅 finish 有「吃完;喝完;用完」的意思。

最值得注意的是,complete 和 finish 有時接同一受詞,但意思截然不同。例如:

  • John completed a book. (約翰寫完一本書)
  • John finished a book. (約翰讀完一本書)
  • John completed a meal. (約翰做完一頓飯)
  • John finished a meal. (約翰吃完一頓飯)

Defuse vs. diffuse

Defuse 是個及物動詞,意為「緩和,改善 (緊張或不安的氣氛;困難或危險的情況);拆除 (炸彈的) 引信」,如 The South Korean government is trying to defuse tensions over the ferry disaster. (南韓政府正盡力緩和渡輪災難所帶來的緊張氣氛);How long did it take you to defuse the bomb? (拆除那枚炸彈花了你多久的時間?)。

Diffuse 可當動詞 (及物或不及物) 和形容詞用,前者意為「(使) (熱量、氣體等) 擴散,(使) 彌漫;傳播 (觀點、資訊等),(使) 散佈」,而後者意為「分散的;擴散的;瀰漫的;(言語、演講等) 冗長的」,如 The powder diffused through the water. (粉末在水中擴散開來);The news diffused quickly across Taiwan. (這消息很快傳遍整個台灣);I enjoy diffusing knowledge. (我喜歡傳播知識);That’s a diffuse community. (那是個分散的社區);Professor Lee made a diffuse speech. (李教授發表了一場冗長的演說)。儘管 diffuse 可當動詞和形容詞用,但形容詞比動詞常用許多。

這兩個發音相似但意思迥異的字很常被搞混,以致於經常發生錯把「馮京」當「馬涼」的情事,尤其是把 diffuse 當作 defuse 使用,如 All attempts to diffuse the bomb have failed. (所有為拆除這個炸彈所作的嘗試都失敗了)。此外,值得注意的是,由於 diffuse 可當形容詞用,因此 diffused 應避免用作過去分詞形容詞,而僅用作動詞 diffuse 的過去式和過去分詞。至於 defuse,由於不能用作形容詞,因此 defused 用作過去分詞形容詞殆無疑義,也才是 the defused bomb (被拆除的炸彈) 等片語的正確用字。

Chafe vs. chaff

Chafe 是個動詞,意為「(使) 擦痛;(使) 擦傷;(使) 擦破」(因摩擦而使身體部位疼痛,發紅,腫脹之意 - 及物和不及物),如 Her new shoes chafed her ankles. (新鞋把她的腳踝磨得紅腫/破皮);The high collar had been chafing against my neck. (高高的領口把我的脖子磨痛了);此外,chafe 亦意為「惱怒,焦躁」(不及物),通常與介系詞 at 或 under 連用,如 Sam was chafed because he was not allowed out. (山姆很惱怒,因為他不許外出);Most students are chafing at/under the new restrictions. (大多數學生都對這些新的限制感到非常惱怒)。

Chaff 主要用作名詞 (它的動詞用法已過時),意為「粗糠;穀物的外殼」、「(作飼料用的) 乾草,草料,秣」及「瑣事;微不足道或沒有甚麼價值的事物」,如 Gary fed chaff to his cattle. (蓋瑞餵他的牛隻吃草料);You had better ignore the picky criticisms because they were just a lot of chaff. (你最好不要理會那些吹毛求疵的批評,因為它們都只是微不足道的小事)。Chaff 經常用於 ” to separate the wheat from the chaff ” 這個比喻性成語中,意為「分清好壞;區分優劣 (to separate the superior from the inferior)」,如 The CEO is in the hope that the new procedure for evaluating employees can separate the wheat from the chaff. (執行長希望新的員工評鑑程序能區分出優劣)。

眼皮跳

英文:Eyelid twitches.

說明:twitch 可當 (及物或不及物) 動詞和 (可數) 名詞用,意為 (身體某個部分) 抽動,抽搐。

例句:

  • My eyelid’s twitching. (我的眼皮在跳)
  • Do you believe that left eyelid twitches indicate fortune and right eyelid twitches indicate misfortune? (你相信左眼跳財,右眼跳災嗎?)

Abjure vs. adjure

這兩個皆用於正式場合的及物動詞,拼字雖只有一個字母之差,但意思卻截然不同。Abjure 意為「公開或鄭重宣佈放棄 (主張、信仰、權利、國籍等)」,而 adjure 意為「鄭重要求,懇求」。

Abjure 的直接受詞一定是事物,而 adjure 的直接受詞則一定是人。例如:

  • The President abjured his religion. (總統鄭重宣布放棄他的宗教信仰)
  • Cindy adjured her husband to tell the truth. (辛蒂懇求她的丈夫說實話)

Canvas (n.), canvass (n., v.)

這兩個字發音相同,拼字僅一個字母之差,有時不免搞混,尤其是名詞複數時,一為 canvases,另一為 canvasses,稍一不慎就會把「馮京」看作「馬涼」。所幸,這兩個字的意思截然不同。

Canvas 僅當名詞用,意為「帆布;油畫布;帆布畫;油畫」,如 a canvas bag (帆布袋);We spent two months living under canvas. (我們在帳篷裡住了兩個月) - under canvas 為一英式英語片語,意為「在帳篷裡」(= in a tent);He bought the canvas for one thousand dollars. (他以一千美元買下這幅油畫);The artist showed us her canvases. (那位畫家給我們看了她的油畫)。

Canvass 可當動詞和名詞用。當動詞時,這個字可以是及物或不及物,意為「(向…) 遊說;(為…) 拉票」,如 The president has spent the day canvassing in Kaohsiung. (總統在高雄遊說了一天);He canvassed the district for votes. (他在選區裡拉票);Party supporters were called on to help canvass for their candidate. (該黨的支持者被動員來為候選人拉票);The justice minister has been canvassing support for his new crime bill. (法務部長一直在為新的刑事法案尋求支持)。

除上述外,當動詞用的 canvass 還意為「(廣泛) 徵詢 (意見);詳細或徹底地討論」,如 I’ve been canvassing the views of our members about the suggestions. (我一直在廣泛徵詢會員們對建議的看法);Various possibilities have been canvassed. (各種可能性都有討論)。至於當名詞用的 canvass,意為「遊說;拉票;討論」,如 door-to-door (or house-to-house) canvasses (挨家挨戶的拉票活動)。

Begin, start, commence (vv.)

這三個動詞均意為「開始」,幾乎可視為同義詞,因為其含意僅 begin 和 start 之間有細微的差異。Begin 是最常用或最廣泛使用的字,但它僅表示某個動作、程序或過程的開始 (to set some action, process, or course in motion),如 Work on the new gym will begin next month. (建造新體育館的工作將於下月開始);My troubles began the moment I met Linda. (我的麻煩從我邂逅琳達那一刻就開始了)。

Start 在大多數情況中都可與 begin 互換,但 start 比較「明確」,凡是有身體動作或者動作、程序或過程有起點,一般都使用 start 來表示,如 The World Championships start in two weeks’ time. (世界錦標賽將在兩週後開始);They started a journey. (他們開始旅行了);We start work at 8.30 every morning. (我們每天早上八點半開始工作)。

Commence 的含意與 begin 完全相同,但前者是個正式用字,大多用在正式書面文件、正式儀式或其他正式場合中,或用來表示某種正式行動的「開始」,如 The lawyers are preparing for the trial, which commences in 30 days. (律師正在為這場將於 30 天後開始的審判進行準備);If everyone has arrived, the meeting may now commence. (如果人都到齊了,會議現在就可開始了)。

值得一提的是,begin, start 和 commence 當及物動詞時後面皆可接動名詞或不定詞。例如:

  • When did you begin learning/begin to learn English? (你何時開始學英文?)
  • When did you start to learn/start learning English? (你何時開始學英文?)
  • She commenced to cry/commenced crying. (她開始哭了起來)

然而,當 begin, start 或 commence 本身為進行式時,其後只能接不定詞,不可接動名詞。例如:

  • The buds were just beginning to open. (花蕾剛剛開始綻放)(正)
  • The buds were just beginning opening. (誤)

3P 的英文怎麼說?

Threesome。這個字原本意為「三人;三人一組;三人的比賽」,不過現在舉凡三個人一起玩性愛遊戲,無論是兩女一男或兩男一女一起嘿咻 (romp),英文都用這個字,也就是國內俗稱的 3P、4P (foursome) 等等。

日前英國小報《世界新聞報》(News of the World) 報導說,英格蘭國家隊前鋒韋恩.魯尼 (Wayne Rooney) 招妓玩 3P。該篇報導的標題是「Cheating Wayne Rooney beds hooker」,文中有一段是這樣寫的,「The cheating England ace begged Jenny, 21, and her pretty friend to fulfill his fantasy with a sordid THREESOME.」。

在上面兩句英文中,cheating 意為「偷吃的;(對太太或丈夫) 不忠的」;bed (口語) 當及物動詞用,意為「與…上床;與…發生性關係」;sordid 意為「骯髒的;污穢的;齷齪的」。

不過,《世界新聞報》的報導就是由這位現年 21 歲的妓女 (hooker) 所爆料。她不僅違反「職業道德」,而且還有點 over,因為魯尼給她的性服務費比一般行情高出數倍之多。顯然地,她是得了便宜又賣乖 (kiss and tell)。

Q:在英文報紙上看到 Winter is come! 這樣的句子。我想這個句子應該是對的,不然他們不會這麼寫。不過,我還是不懂,為什麼一個句子中可以把兩個動詞放在一起呢? 不是要寫成 Winter is coming. 嗎?

A:無論是 Winter is come. 還是 Winter is coming.,都是正確的句子,但意思不同。首先來看 Winter is coming.,其意為「冬天即將來臨」,這是用現在進行式來表示不久即將發生的事情。至於 Winter is come.,句中的 come 是過去分詞,當主詞補語,而不是現在式 (come 的動詞三態是:come, came, come),所以這句的意思是「冬天已來臨」或「冬天來了」。

有一個文法觀念必須建立,那就是:不管及物或是不及物動詞,它們的過去分詞都可以作形容詞用,當主詞補語。由於不及物動詞不能有被動態,所以就不及物動詞而言,「BE + P.P.」就相當於「have + P.P.」的主動完成式結構,意為「已經…」;至於及物動詞,由於「BE + P.P.」就是被動態,所以它相當於「have + been + P.P.」的被動完成式結構,意為「已經被…」。請看下面的例句:

  • Winter is come. (冬天來了)
    = Winter has come.
  • You can watch TV when your homework is completed. (作業做完後,你可以看電視)
    = You can watch TV when your homework has been completed.

Q:The criminal possessed three guns. 為何不能改成被動態的 Three guns were possessed by the criminal. 呢?

A:大家都知道,英文的被動語態是由 BE + 及物動詞的過去分詞所構成,換言之,不及物動詞是沒有被動態的。因此,有人便以為所有及物動詞都可用於被動態。其實不然,有些及物動詞並沒有相應的被動態。問題中的 possess 就是這樣一個沒有相應被動態的及物動詞。茲將一些比較常見的沒有被動態的及物動詞臚列如下,供大家參考。

1. 意為「擁有」、「容納」、「缺少」、「由… 組成,構成」的及物動詞,如 possess, hold, lack, comprise 等,不能用於被動態。例如:

  • Bill Gates possesses great wealth. (比爾蓋茲擁有大量財富)
    Great wealth is possessed by Bill Gates. (誤 — 因為 possess 不能用於被動態。以下錯誤的句子亦適用這項說明)
  • The cinema holds about 500. (這家電影院能容納約 500 人)
    About 500 are held by the cinema. (誤)
  • Mr. Wang usually lacks confidence. (王先生經常缺乏信心)
    Confidence is usually lacked by Mr. Wang. (誤)
  • The country comprises 26 provinces. (這國家有 26 個省/這國家由 26 個省所組成)
    Twenty-six provinces are comprised by the country. (誤)

2. 意為「適合」的及物動詞,如 become, fit, suit 等,不能用於被動態。例如:

  • This sort of behavior hardly becomes a person in your position. (這種行為與一個有你這樣地位的人簡直不相稱)
    A person in your position is hardly become by this sort of behavior. (誤)
  • That color really suits her. (那種顏色跟她真的很相配)
    She is really suited by that color. (誤)
  • This dress fits me very well. (這件衣服非常合我的身)
    I am fitted very well by this dress. (誤)

3. 意為「意味,意思是;相似,相像」的及物動詞,如 mean, resemble 等,不能用於被動態。例如:

  • The red light means “Stop”. (紅燈意味「停」)
    “Stop” is meant by the red light. (誤)
  • She resembles her sister in appearance but not in character. (她的外表像她姊姊,但個性不像)
    Her sister is resembled by her in appearance but not in character. (誤)

4. 意為「明白,理解,領會」的及物動詞,如 catch, get, take 等,不能用於被動態。例如:

  • I didn’t quite catch your last point. (我不太明白你說的最後一點)
    Your last point wasn’t quite caught by me. (誤)
  • She took me wrong. (她誤解了我的意思)
    I was taken wrong by her. (錯誤)

5. 意為「有、吃、接受、度過、經歷」等的及物動詞 have,不能用於被動態。例如:

  • I have three sons and two daughters. (我有三兒二女)
    Three sons and two daughters are had by me. (誤)
  • I have already had dinner. (我已吃過晚餐)
    Dinner has already been had by me. (誤)
  • We will have a good Spring Festival. (我們將會過一個愉快的春節)
    A good Spring Festival will be had by us. (誤)

6. 意為「維持,夠用」的及物動詞 last,不能用於被動態。例如:

  • This food will only last them three days. (這些食物只夠他們吃三天)
    They will only be lasted three days by this food. (誤)
  • This dress has lasted me three years. (這件衣服我已穿了三年)
    I have been lasted three years by this dress. (誤)

7. 意為「價值,花費」的及物動詞 cost,不能用於被動態。例如:

  • The house cost me a lot of money. (這棟房子花了我很多錢)
    I was cost a lot of money by the house. (誤)

8. 意為「(不幸事件) 發生於,降臨在」的及物動詞 befall,不能用於被動態。例如:

  • Some misfortune must have befallen them. (某種災禍必定已降臨在他們頭上)
    They must have been befallen by some misfortune. (誤)