Q:He wanted to find a companion to travel. 這句對嗎?

A:不對! 這牽涉到不定詞放在名詞之後當後置修飾語的問題。當不定詞放在名詞之後作形容詞用時,若該不定詞為不及物動詞,則它的後面需有適當或必要的介系詞。就問題的句子而言,由於 companion 是 travel 的受詞,而 travel 是不及物動詞,當不及物動詞要接受詞時,其後須有介系詞,所以這句若改為 He wanted to find a companion to travel with. (他想找個旅行的同伴) 或改為意思稍微不同的 He wanted to travel with a companion. (他想要和同伴去旅行) 就對了。

由於有不少人在寫英文時往往會漏掉這麼一個重要的介系詞,因此有必要再多舉幾個例子來做說明:

  • He has a big house to live. (他有一棟大房子可住) (誤)
  • He has a big house to live in. (正)
    = He has a big house which/that he can live in.
    = He has a big house in which he can live.
    (由於 live 是不及物動詞,所以要接受詞 house 時,其後須有介系詞 in — to live a big house 是錯的,必須寫成 to live in a big house)
  • I need a friend to talk. (我需要找個朋友來談一談) (誤)
  • I need a friend to talk with. (正)
    (由於 talk 是不及物動詞,所以要接受詞 friend 時,其後須有介系詞 with — to talk a friend 是錯的,必須寫成 to talk with a friend)

同樣地,下面例句的不定詞也需要介系詞,否則就錯了:

  • They have no children to take care of. (他們沒有小孩要照顧)
  • She wanted to have a chair to sit on. (她想要有張椅子來坐下)

當不定詞的動詞為及物時,它們就不需要介系詞了。例如:

  • I have a lot of homework to do. (我有許多家庭作業要做) (do 是及物動詞,直接接受詞,無需介系詞 — to do a lot of homework)
  • Give me something to eat. (給我食物)
  • Would you like something to drink? (你想要喝東西嗎?)
  • I need a book to read. (我需要找本書來讀一讀)
  • Do you have anything more to say? (你還有其他事情要說嗎?)

當不定詞的動詞可為及物或不及物時,必須根據句意來判斷是否需要介系詞或需要什麼介系詞。請看下面的例句:

  • I have nothing to write. (這句的 write 是及物動詞,直接接 nothing 當受詞,所以這裡的 nothing 是表示「沒有要書寫的內容」)
  • I have nothing to write with. May I use your pen? (這句的 write 是不及物動詞,是說我有東西要寫,但沒有筆可寫 — with 後面接書寫工具,也就是筆,所以這裡的 nothing 是表示「沒有筆」)
  • I have nothing to write on. Please give me a piece of paper. (這句的 write 也是不及物動詞,是說我有東西要寫,但沒有紙讓我寫在上面,所以這裡的 nothing 是表示「沒有紙」)

Replace, substitute (vv.)

Replace 意為「取代,代替;更換,替換」,而 substitute 意為「取代;代替」,但這兩者並非同義詞,因為它們的用法並不相同。replace 僅當及物動詞用,而 substitute 則可當及物和不及物動詞,如 He’ll have to replace those tires; they’re badly worn. (他必須更換那些輪胎;它們磨損得太厲害了);George has replaced John as captain of the team. (喬治接替約翰當了隊長);Susan is ill and Laura is to substitute her. (蘇珊病了,羅拉將代替她);George has substituted as captain of the team. (喬治代任隊長)。

這兩個動詞最大的差異在於其後所接的介系詞,replace 後面可接 with 或 by (尤其是在被動態中),而 substitute 都是接 for,如 We’ve replaced old calculators with/by computers. (我們已用電腦取代了舊式的計算機);Her photograph was replaced by his painting. (她的照片被他的畫取代了);Home-made parts are being substituted for imported ones. (國產零件取代進口零件)。

必須注意的是,許多人搞不清楚這兩個字在上下文中的替代關係:to replace A with/by B 意為「用 B 來替換 A」,亦即 A 被 B 所取代,而 to substitute A for B (or A be substituted for B) 意為「用 A 來替換 B」,亦即 B 被 A 所取代。例如:

I replaced her photograph with/by his painting. (我用他的畫代替她的照片)。
= I substituted his painting for her photograph.
= Her photograph was replaced by his painting.
= His painting replaced her photograph.
= His painting was substituted for her photograph.

儘管目前 substitute 被用來代替 replace 的情況有越來越多的趨勢,但謹慎的人士仍堅守並維持它們之間的不同。

Divide, divide up (vv.)

Divide 可當及物和不及物動詞用,經常與介系詞 into 和 in 連用 (divide sth into pairs/groups/parts 等等),意為「分;分成;劃分;分割」,如 The teacher divided the class into three groups. (老師把全班分成三個小組);The film divides into two distinct halves. (影片分成明顯不同的兩半);He divided his students in half. (他將他的學生分成兩半)。這動詞亦常與 among 和 between 連用 (divide sth between/among sb),意為「分配;分發;分享」,如 The children divided the candy between/among themselves. (孩子們把糖果分吃了);After his death his property was divided between/among his children. (他死後,他的財產由他的孩子們平分);The chamber was nearly equally divided between conservative and liberal deputies. (議會中保守派和自由派議員的人數幾乎各半);The prize money will be equally divided between/among the three winners. (獎金將由三名優勝者均分)。

Divide 亦不時與 from 連用 (divide sth from sth),意為「使分開;使隔開」,如 A low wall divides our garden from theirs. (一道矮牆把我們的花園和他們的隔開);The railway divides his family’s land from the plains below. (鐵路把他家的土地與下面的平原隔開)。這動詞還可跟 over, on 和 upon 連用來表示「分裂;意見分歧」的意思,如 The Board of Directors divided on [upon, over] the new project. (董事會對這個新計劃意見分歧);My family divided on [upon, over] almost every political issue. (我家人對幾乎每個政治議題都各持己見)。此外,divide 與 with 連用的情況亦所在多有,其句型與 divide sth between/among sb 等量齊觀,即 divide sth with sb,意思同樣為「分配;分發;分享」,如 Work out how you would like to divide the money with us. (商量一下,你打算如何跟我們分這筆錢);You have to divide the cake with your sister. (你必須跟你妹妹分吃這塊蛋糕)。

Divide 也是數學上不可或缺的用字,其後接 by (divide sth by sth),意為「除以」,若接 into (divide sth into sth),則意為「除」,如 10 divided by 2 is/equals 5. (10 除以 2 等於 5);Divide 10 by 2 (10 除以 2 或用 2 除 10);2 divides into 10 5 times./Two divides into ten 5 times. (2 除 10 得 5);Divide 2 into 10 (2 除 10)。divide by 除了「除以」的意思外,還有一個比較普遍化的意思,那就是「使分歧;使分裂」,如 The ruling class was divided by internal conflicts. (統治階級因內部衝突而分裂);We are divided by our nationalities, our languages, and our religions. (我們因國籍、語言和宗教信仰的不同而分歧)。

至於 divide up,這片語與 divide 完全同義,意為「分成;分開;分割;分配;分發;分享」,如 The prize money will be equally divided up between/among the three winners. (獎金將由三名優勝者均分);The teacher divided the class up into three groups. (老師把全班分成三個小組);a secret Soviet-German pack for dividing/dividing up Europe in 1940 (1940 年瓜分歐洲的蘇德秘密條約)。職是之故,divide up 跟 break up, think up 及其它與 up 組成的片語一樣,在某些情況中會被視為贅詞,因為 up 被認為是多餘的。然而,divide 和 divide up 都是正規英語。這些 up 組成的片語動詞有些是慣用語 (break 和 break up 並非相同的動作 — break 可意為「打破」或「打碎」,而 break up 一定是「打碎」),有些是用來加強語氣或基於文體的需要。當 up 可省略時,保守派人士通常選擇省略 up 以求文體的簡潔。

Proposal (n.), proposition (n., v.)

Proposal 和 proposition 只有在「建議;提議;提案」的意思上是同義詞,可以互換,如 That’s an interesting proposal/proposition. (那是一項有趣的建議);the government’s latest proposal/proposition (政府最新的提案)。但有關商業和生意上的建議和提議,一般都使用 proposition 而不用 proposal,如 We made him a proposition: He would join us, and we would support his company. (我們向他建議:他和我們聯合,我們就支持他的公司);I have a business proposition to put to you. (我有個商業建議要對你說)。在最後一句中,business proposition 可視為固定搭配,不能寫成 business proposal。同樣地,(an) insurance proposal 也是固定用語,意為「(保險) 投保」,如 an insurance proposal form (保險投保書),不能寫成 insurance proposition。

在其他特定意思上,這兩個字截然不同,千萬別搞混。除「建議;提議;提案」的意思外,proposal 也意為「(建議等的) 提出」,如 Proposal is easier than performance. (建議容易實行難);the proposal of new regulations (新條例的提出)。再者,proposal 還意為「求婚」,如 She accepted his proposal at once. (她立刻就接受了他的求婚);She has had a proposal. (已經有人向她求婚了)。proposal 的動詞為 propose。

Proposition 有數個特有的意思:1.「主張;觀點;論點;看法;見解」,其後通常接 that 所引導的名詞子句作同位語 (注意:that 不能省略),如 The students discussed the proposition that man is basically good. (學生們討論了「人性本善」這個論點);the proposition that all religions are equally valid (認為所有宗教都同樣合法主張)。2.「(需要對付或必須處理的) 人;事情;問題」,如 We could build a tunnel instead of a bridge, but that’s a much more difficult proposition. (我們可以建隧道而不建橋樑,但那是個困難得多的問題);The new manager is a formidable proposition. (新任經理是個難纏的傢伙),但有些人反對 proposition 這項口語或非正式用法的意思,可能是因為在這些句子中,proposition 所構成的名詞片語其實只要使用形容詞就可以了,如上面兩句可以分別更簡潔地改為 We could build a tunnel instead of a bridge, but that’s much more difficult. 和 The new manager is formidable.。3.「(男女間的) 求歡」,如 He made me a proposition. (他向我求歡)。proposition 的第 4 和第 5 個意思分別為「法律議案;法律修正案」及「(數學和邏輯的) 命題」。

Proposition 還可當及物動詞用,意為「(尤指冒犯地) 向…提出嘿咻要求;向…求歡」,如 Dad said he was propositioned by a call girl at the ritzy hotel. (父親說他在那家豪華飯店時曾有應召女郎找上他);He propositioned every girl in the bar, but none were interested. (他對酒吧裡的每位女孩提出嘿咻要求,但沒有人理睬他)。值得注意的是,當動詞用的 proposition 比當名詞用、意為「求歡」的 proposition 要來得常用許多,所以「他向他的秘書求歡」一般都寫成 He propositioned his secretary. 而甚少寫成 He made his secretary a proposition。此外,「求歡」和「求婚」雖僅有一字之差,但意思相差豈可以道里計,因此千萬別將 proposition 和 propose/proposal 搞錯了。

Awake, awaken, wake, waken (vv.)

這四個動詞大致上可視為同義詞,它們皆可當及物和不及物動詞用,也都有字面和比喻的意思,前者意為「喚醒;弄醒;(使) 醒來」,後者意為「喚起;激起;使認識到;使意識到」。

Awake 的過去式可以是 awaked 或 awoke,而過去分詞可以是 awaked 或 awoken,但通常使用 awoke 和 awoken:The thunder awoke me. (雷聲把我驚醒了);He awoke to the sound of birds chirping. (他被啁啾的鳥叫聲叫醒了);I awoke to find myself alone. (我一覺醒來發現只有自己一個人);His father tried to awake him to a sense of duty. (他父親試圖使他認識到自己的責任);We must awake to our responsibilities. (我們一定要認識到自己的職責)。awaken 是個規則動詞 (awaken, awakened, awakened):I was awakened by their shouts. (我被他們的喊叫聲吵醒);He awakened her at six. (他在六點時叫醒她);He has awakened to new challenges. (他已意識到新的挑戰);She awakened at six. (她六點鐘醒來)。

Wake 的過去式可以是 waked 或 woke,而過去分詞可以是 waked 或 woken,但通常使用 woke 和 woken:She usually wakes (up) early. (她通常早起);John woke to a quiet knocking on his door. (約翰被一陣輕輕的敲門聲給叫醒了);The bad news finally woke the country to the danger of war. (壞消息傳來,終於使國人意識到即將發生戰爭的危險)。wake 後面經常接介系詞 up,是一個相當常用的片語動詞:I woke up at six this morning. (今天早晨我六點鐘醒來);Please wake me up at 7:00. (請在七點鐘叫醒我)。waken是個規則動詞 (waken, wakened, wakened):He wakened early that morning. (那天早晨他很早就醒了);I was wakened by their shouts. (我被他們的喊叫聲吵醒);All this wakened the local government to the need for safety precautions. (所有這些使當地政府認識到必須採取安全預防措施)。

一般而言,awake 和 awaken 用在比喻意思的情況比較多,而 wake 和 waken 用在字面意思的情況比較多。就使用頻率而言,awaken 比 awake 常用,而 wake 比 waken 常用。

除做動詞外,這四個字當中的 awake 還可當形容詞用,而 wake 還可當名詞用。awake 用做形容詞時意為「醒著的;認識到的,意識到的」,但不可用在名詞之前:I managed to stay awake long enough to watch the video. (我強忍著不睡看完了錄影帶);I was already wide awake before the alarm went off. (鬧鐘還沒停,我就已完全醒了);We are fully awake to the dangers of the situation. (我們充分意識到局勢的危險)。在上面的例句中,stay awake 意為「保持醒著的」,而 wide awake 意為「完全醒著的;頭腦清醒的」,它們都是頗為常見的片語。wake 用做名詞時意為「守夜;守靈;(船航行時留下的) 航跡,尾波,尾流」,通常用在 in the wake of 或 in sb’s/sth’s wake 中 — 這兩個片語意為「尾隨,緊跟在…後面;隨著…而來,作為…的結果」:The car left clouds of dust in its wake. (車子後面揚起一片塵土);An inquiry has been set up in the wake of the crash. (墜機發生後,調查隨之展開)。

Q:在下句中關係詞要用 which 還是 where 呢? My entire family now worships in the church (where or which) my great grandfather used to be a minister.

A:有不少人的確不知道如何在關係子句中使用正確的關係詞。關係詞可分為關係代名詞和關係副詞,前者包括 who, whom, whose, that, which,而後者是指 where (表示地點的副詞),when (表示時間的副詞) 和 why (表示原因的副詞)。My entire family now worships in the church (where or which) my great grandfather used to be a minister. (現在我們全家正在我曾祖父過去擔任牧師的教堂做禮拜) 這句應該使用 where 這個關係副詞,在此 where 修飾動詞 used to be,但 where 所引導的整個關係子句 (where my great grandfather used to be a minister) 則是修飾 church。

附帶一提的是,when 是用來修飾時間名詞,如 My favorite month is always February, when we celebrate Valentine’s Day. (我最喜愛的月份一直都是我們可以過情人節的二月),而 why 是用來修飾 reason 這個名詞,如 Do you know the reason why Mary isn’t in class today? (你知道瑪麗今天缺課的原因嗎?)

不過,我們有時會在這類子句中省略關係副詞 why。另外,許多寫作者在表示「原因」時往往使用 that 來代替 why,但 that 可以省略:Do you know the reason (that) Mary isn’t in class today?;I know the reason (that) men like motorcycles. (我知道男人喜歡機車的原因)。再者,why 跟 that 一樣不能引導非限制性的關係子句,所以像 I know the reason, why men like motorcycles. 這樣的句子是錯誤的。

然而,在關係子句中,我們該如何判斷在什麼情況下使用關係代名詞,又在什麼情況下使用關係副詞呢?

方法一:由關係子句的動詞來判斷 — 當該動詞為及物動詞,且其後沒有受詞時,須使用關係代名詞;若該動詞為不及物動詞,或為及物動詞,但其後有受詞時,則使用關係副詞。

  • This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. (正 — stay 為不及物動詞)
    (這是我去年停留的山村)
  • This is the mountain village where I visited last year. (誤 — visit 為及物動詞)
  • This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year. (正 — which 可省略)
    (這是我去年造訪的山村)
  • I’ll never forget the days when I worked together with you. (正 — work 為不及物動詞)
    (我永遠不會忘記和你一起工作的日子)
  • I’ll never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. (誤 — spend 為及物動詞)
  • I’ll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside. (正 — which 可省略)
    (我永遠不會忘記在農村生活的日子)

上面的句子 “My favorite month is always February, when we celebrate Valentines’ Day.” 是屬於「及物動詞,但其後有受詞」的情況。

方法二:由先行詞來判斷 — 當先行詞在關係子句中做主詞、受詞或修飾語時,須使用關係代名詞;當先行詞在關係子句中做副詞時,則使用關係副詞。

  • This is the museum which the exhibition was held. (誤 — 這句的先行詞 museum 在關係子句中不是當主詞或受詞,而是當副詞用,即 in the museum:The exhibition was held in the museum.)
  • This is the museum where the exhibition was held. (正)
  • This is the museum in which the exhibition was held. (正 — 因為 in the museum 的關係,在此 where = in which)
    (這是舉行展覽的博物館)

Accompany (v.)

傳統的文法規則說,在被動結構中,accompany 後面若接人要使用介系詞 by,若接事物則使用介系詞 with,前者意為「陪同,陪伴」(escort),後者意為「伴隨,帶有,配有」。所以,你應該說 The candidate was accompanied by six burly bodyguards. (這位候選人由六名魁梧的保鏢陪同) 或 He was accompanied by his father. (他由他的父親陪同) 或 The salmon was accompanied with a delicious salad. (鮭魚配上美味的沙拉)。

然而,by 卻經常被用在 accompany 意為「伴隨,帶有,配有」的句子中,而這項用法在文法上也站得住腳。因此,現今的文法規則是:在被動結構中,accompany 後面若接人大多使用介系詞 by,若接事物則可使用介系詞 with 或 by,如 A skin rash may be accompanied with/by fever. (出疹子時可能會有發燒的現象);His speech was accompanied with/by gestures. (他演講時附帶做著手勢)。眾所周知,by 所引導的片語往往代表相關主動句的主詞,如 The salmon was accompanied by a delicious salad. 這個被動句可改為主動句 A delicious salad accompanied the salmon.。此外,with 也可用在主動句中,如 His speech was accompanied with gestures. 這句可改為 He accompanied his speech with gestures.。由於 accompany 是及物動詞,它在主動句中甚至可以不用任何介系詞,如 Gestures accompanied his speech.。

除上述外,accompany 還意為「為…伴奏,為…伴唱」:The pianist accompanied her singing. (那位鋼琴家為她的歌唱伴奏);Her mother accompanied her on the piano. (她的母親為她作鋼琴伴奏)。

Avenge (v.), revenge (n., v.), vengeance (n.)

這三個字指的都是報復、報仇。avenge 是個及物動詞,意為「為…報仇;為…進行報復」,所以 He swore to avenge his brother. 的意思是「他發誓要為他的兄弟報仇」而不是「他發誓要向他的兄弟報仇」;They avenged his death by burning the village. (他們燒毀村子,為他的死復仇)。若要指出報復、報仇的對象,則使用 on + 某人,如 He resolved to avenge the insult on the boss. (他決意為受辱向老板進行報復)。

當動詞用的 revenge也意為「為…報仇;為…進行報復」,但其所暗示的復仇動機比 avenge 要來得強烈一些。revenge 常與反身代名詞連用來構成 revenge oneself on somebody (for something) 句型,意為「(為某事) 向某人報復」:He revenged himself on those who had killed his parents. (他向那些殺害他雙親的人進行報復);Tom wanted to revenge himself on John for his arrogance. (湯姆想報復約翰的傲慢無禮)。avenge 亦可與反身代名詞連用來構成 avenge oneself on somebody (for something) 句型:They avenged themselves on their enemy. (他們向敵人報復);They began to avenge themselves on their neighbors for the years of suppression. (他們因為鄰居多年的壓迫而開始報復)。然而,avenge 和 revenge 雖然同義,但在標準英語用法中,我們可以寫成 He avenged his parents. (他為他的雙親報仇),卻不能寫成 He revenged his parents.,或者說這樣的寫法相當罕見。

當名詞用的 revenge 與 vengeance 是同義詞,意為「報復;復仇」。它們皆與 take 和 on 構成 take revenge/vengeance on somebody 句型:He swore to take revenge/vengeance on the people who had killed his sister. (他發誓要報復殺死他姊妹的人);The villagers seemed certain to take revenge/vengeance on the enemy. (村民看來肯定會對敵人報復)。然而,在 in revenge for something 這個片語中,revenge 不能用 vengeance 來替換,而在 with a vengeance 這個片語中,vengeance 亦不能用 revenge 來替換。in revenge for 意為「以報…之仇」,如 He killed the man in revenge for the murder of his sister. (他殺了那個人以報殺妹之仇);但 with a vengeance 則沒有報復、報仇的意思,這片語意為「激烈地;猛烈地;極度地;極端地」(fiercely, excessively),如 The disease came back with a vengeance. (這種疾病再度爆發,來勢凶猛)。

除上述外,英文中還有兩個常見的動詞 (片語) 也可以表達「報復;復仇」的意思:get even 和 retaliate。必須注意的是,get even 係接介系詞 with 再接報復的對象,而 retaliate (不及物動詞) 慣用的句型則是 retaliate against somebody for something。例如:I’d like to get even with the man who attacked my daughter. (我要向侵擾我女兒的那個男人報仇);They have threatened to retaliate against the US for the bombing raid. (他們揚言報復美國的轟炸)。retaliate 的名詞 retaliation 亦很常見,其後若要接受詞 (報復對象) 也是先接 against;此外,它經常以 in retaliation for something (與 in revenge for 的結構相同) 的型態出現。例如:There is always the risk of possible retaliation against peacekeeping soldiers. (維和部隊總是面臨遭到報復的危險);The car bombings were apparently in retaliation for the arrest of the terrorists. (汽車爆炸顯然是針對恐怖份子被捕所採取的報復行為)。retaliate 和 retaliation 是新聞英語中相當常見的字。

Sponge (n., v.)

Sponge 可當及物和不及物動詞用,意為「(用海綿或濕布) 擦拭,清洗;(用海綿或布) 吸掉 (液體)」。然而,當不及物動詞用的 sponge 經常與介系詞 on 或 off 連用,來表示「依賴 (某人) 生活;寄生在 (某人) 家裡」的意思,如 to sponge on (off) someone 是個口語常用的貶抑之詞。儘管如此,當名詞用的 sponge在其比喻意思上通常不帶貶義,所以 to be a sponge 可以指吸水的海綿,也可以指依賴他人生活的寄生蟲,但更常見的是指吸取新知或吸收學問的人 — 當然,a sponge 的真正意思要由上下文來決定。

口語和非正式場合常用的成語 to throw in (or throw up) the sponge 係使用名詞 sponge 的字面意思,亦即「海綿」。這個成語源自拳擊比賽 (prizefighting):當拳擊手的助手 (a second) 向拳擊場內拋擲海綿或毛巾時,那就是表示該拳擊手認輸或棄權 (We quit.),因此這成語亦寫成 to throw in the towel。現今這兩個成語均被廣泛應用在各種活動和比賽中,甚至經常被用在其他場合 — 雖然它們已是陳詞濫調 (clichés),但用起來仍然生動有力:After years of fighting dishonesty in the government he threw in the towel at last and left politics. (他與政府內的不正之風鬥爭多年後,終於承認自己無能為力並退出政界);I hate my work. Sometimes I feel like throwing in the sponge. (我討厭我的工作,有時真想打退堂鼓)。

Prove

Prove 可當及物和不及物動詞用,前者意為「證明,證實」,如 There is evidence that proves his innocence. (有證據證明他無罪),後者意為「證明是,結果是」,如 My advice proved to be wrong. (我的意見證明是錯的)。它的動詞三態是 prove, proved, proved 或 proven。proved 和 proven 不僅被用作過去分詞,而且亦被用作分詞形容詞,意為「已證明的,被證明的,被證實的」,如 a proved [proven] champion (查證無誤的優勝者);a proved [proven] liar (被證實的說謊者);His guilt is proved [proven]. (他的罪行已被證實)。

Proved 是比較舊式的拼法,而 proven 是變體。中古英語 (Middle English) 的 prove 拼法還包括 preven,這一拼法在英格蘭已消失不見,但在蘇格蘭仍繼續被使用,而 proven 之所以出現,可能與 weave, woven 和 cleave, cloven 等動詞的情況雷同。proven 最初是被用在蘇格蘭的法律文件中,尤其是構成 “not proven” (罪證不足) 這個法律片語,如 The jury ruled that the charges were not proven. (陪審團裁定,這些指控罪證不足)。自20世紀以來,proven 已大舉入侵一度被 proved 所主宰的領域,所以現在這兩種型態在過去分詞用法上是處於分庭抗禮的局面。不過,一般而言,proved 用作過去分詞的情況要比 proven 來得常見,而 proven 則較常用作名詞前的定語形容詞:a proven talent (已獲證明的天才);a clinically proven remedy (經過臨床驗證的療法);proven skills (已經證明的技術)。

最後,試比較 (1) They prove her guilt. 和 (2) They prove her guilty. 之不同。由於第 (1) 句的 guilt 是名詞,第 (2) 句的 guilty 是形容詞,有些人可能會認為第 (2) 句錯誤,其實這兩句都對,而且意思也都是「他們證明她有罪」,只是句子結構略有不同。第 (1) 句的 her 是所有格,her guilt 是 prove 的受詞,而第 (2) 句的 her 是受格,guilty 是 her 的受詞補語,因為它們中間省略了 to be,其原句為 They prove her to be guilty.。從第 (1) 和第 (2) 句可以得出 prove 兩個常用的片語:to prove someone’s innocence/guilt (證明某人清白/有罪) 和 to prove someone guilty/right/wrong, etc. (證明某人有罪/是對的/是錯的等等)。