Q:許多人經常使用的 free of charge 中的 “(of) charge” 是不是贅字? 因為我們只要用 free 就可表達相同的意思了!

A:許多專家學者強烈反對廣告業者使用 free gift 來表示「贈品」的意思。他們認為這是累贅 (redundant),因為 gift 本身就有「贈品」的意思,而贈品本來就是免費的,所以 free gift 中的 free 純屬多餘。free of charge 似乎也是類似這樣的累贅,但其實不然。既然我們可以說 (someone is) free of responsibility (免除責任),free of blame (免受責備),為何不能說某樣東西是 free of charge 呢? 沒錯,使用 free 是比較簡潔。但這並不表示 free of charge 有贅字。

事實上,free 和 free of charge 只是英文表示「免費」的用字或用語中的兩個而已,其他還有 for free, for nothing, gratis, without cost, without charge, without payment。這些同義詞除了 for free 是非正規的俚語外,其餘都是標準用語。例如:

  • She got her new book for nothing [for free, free, free of charge, gratis, without charge, without cost, without payment]. (她免費獲得新書)

Transport (n., v.), transportation (n.)

當名詞用的 transport 和 transportation 在「交通,運輸;交通系統,運輸系統;交通/運輸工具,交通車輛」等意思上是同義詞,但 transport 是英式英語用字,而美式英語通常使用 transportation,不過英式英語現在使用 transportation 來代替 transport 的情況亦時有所聞,如 The transport/transportation of goods by air is very expensive. (貨物空運是很昂貴的);Taipei’s public transport/transportation system is among the finest in the world. (台北的大眾運輸系統是世界一流的);The railway/railroad gives free transport/transportation for a certain amount of luggage/baggage. (鐵路免費運送一定數量的行李);What will we do for transport/transportation to and from the airport? (我們往返機場該使用什麼交通工具?)。

除上述意思外,transportation 還意為「(從前用作刑罰的) 流放,放逐」,而這意思是 transport 所沒有的,但當動詞用的 transport 則有這意思;換言之,在「流放,放逐」的意思上,名詞是 transportation,而動詞是 transport。英式英語和美式英語都使用 transportation 來表示「流放,放逐」的意思,如 The sentence was transportation to Australia. (判決是放逐到澳洲)。transport 還意為「(軍用) 運輸機,運輸船」,而這意思是 transportation 所沒有的;再者,transport 另有一個意思也是 transportation 所沒有的,那就是「激情,狂喜」,大多用在正式文件和文學作品中,如 a transport of delight/joy/rapture (欣喜若狂);My sister was in a transport of delight/joy/rapture at the good news. (我姊姊聽到這好消息欣喜若狂)。

當動詞用的 transport 除了上述「流放,放逐」的意思外,還意為「運送,運輸;使欣喜若狂,使激動」,其中以「運送,運輸」最常見,如 Trucks transport the steel to the ports. (卡車把鋼材運到港口);A shuttle bus transports all employees from their homes. (有一輛交通車接送員工上班);British prisoners used to be transported to Australia. (從前英國的囚犯常被流放到澳洲);Sarah was transported with joy by the good news. (莎拉聽到這好消息欣喜萬分)。

Q:must, used to 和 ought to 的附加問句?

A:由於 must 有兩種意思,所以它的附加問句必須分別考慮。

1. 當 must 意為表示義務、責任、要求的「必須」時,它的附加問句使用「needn’t + 主詞」。例如:

  • He must get up early tomorrow, needn’t he? (他明天必須早起,不是嗎?)

2. 當 must 意為表示推測的「一定,肯定,想必,諒必」時,它的附加問句須視時態及其他情況而定。就現在式 (must + be) 的情況而言,其附加問句為「be + not + 主詞」。例如:

  • He must be a doctor, isn’t he? (他必定是個醫生,不是嗎?)
  • They must be staying there, aren’t they? (他們現在肯定留在那裡,不是嗎?)

就過去式 (must + have + P.P.) 的情況而言,其附加問句可以為「haven’t/hasn’t + 主詞」或「didn’t + 主詞」。但這兩者的含意並不相同,「haven’t/hasn’t + 主詞」表示過去的動作對現在產生了影響,而「didn’t + 主詞」則只單純表示過去的動作。例如:

  • Your English is very good. You must have studied English for several years, haven’t you? (你的英文很好,想必你已唸了好幾年的英文,不是嗎? — 過去的動作產生現在的結果)
  • The road is wet. It must have rained last night, hasn’t it? (地上是濕的,昨晚一定下過雨,不是嗎? — 過去的動作對現在的影響)
  • He must have finished it yesterday, didn’t he? (他一定是在昨天完成工作,不是嗎? — 僅單純表示 finished 這個動作)

雖然第1義的 must 可等於 have to (現在式) 或 had to (過去式),但當陳述句使用 have to 或 had to 時,附加問句須使用「don’t + 主詞」或「didn’t + 主詞」。例如:

  • We have to get there at eight tomorrow, don’t we? (我們必須在明天八點到那裡,不是嗎?)
  • He has to get up early tomorrow, doesn’t he? (他明天必須早起,不是嗎?)
  • They had to take the early train, didn’t they? (他們必須搭早班火車,不是嗎?)

接著來看 used to 的附加問句。由於 used to 的否定可為 didn’t use to 或 usedn’t to,所以它的附加問句可為「didn’t + 主詞」或 「usedn’t + 主詞」。例如:

  • He used to take pictures there, didn’t he? / usedn’t he? (他過去常常在那裡拍照,不是嗎?)

不過,在 There used to be… 的句型中,其附加問句為「wasn’t/weren’t there」( “there + be” 的附加問句)。例如:

  • There used to be a banana tree in the garden, wasn’t there? (這花園以前有棵香蕉樹,不是嗎?) — there 為虛主詞,真正的主詞為單數的 a banana tree。
  • There used to be many children playing there, weren’t there? (以前那裡有許多小孩在玩耍,不是嗎?) — there 為虛主詞,真正的主詞為複數的 many children。

至於 ought to 的附加問句,陳述句若為肯定,則附加問句使用「shouldn’t/oughtn’t + 主詞」。例如:

  • He ought to know what to do, oughtn’t he? / shouldn’t he? (你應該知道要做什麼,不是嗎?)

Male, female (adjs., nn.), masculine, feminine (adjs.)

Male 指的是生物的性別,當形容詞用時意為「男性的,雄 (性) 的,公的;男子的」,如 A male nurse took her temperature. (一位男護士給她量了體溫);There is only one magazine with a predominantly male readership in the city. (本市只有一份讀者主要是男性的雜誌);a male monkey (公猴);a male elephant (雄象);male flowers (雄花 — 不會結果實的花)。就人的性別而言,這個字只用來做男性和女性的區別以及說明與男女性別有關的事物,並無進一步的含意,如 We have a male French teacher and a female German teacher. (我們有一位男法文老師和一位女德文老師);the male/female body (男性 [女性] 身體)。

Female 為 male 的反義詞,指的也是生物的性別,當形容詞用時意為「女性的,雌 (性) 的,母的;女子的」,如 Sewing is considered a female occupation. (縫紉被認為是女性的職業);We only employ female workers. (我們只雇用女工);A female deer was shot dead. (一隻母鹿被射殺)。同樣地,就人的性別而言,這個字只用來做男性和女性的區別以及說明與男女性別有關的事物,並無進一步的含意,如 There are more female students than male students at the college. (這所大學的女學生比男學生多);The female voice tends to be higher than the male voice. (女人的聲音通常比男人的高)。

Male 和 female 皆還可當名詞用,前者意為「男子;雄性動物;雄性植物」,而後者意為「女子;雌性動物;雌性植物」。然而,除了在填寫表格時在「性別」(Sex) 欄位中填入 Male (男) 或 Female (女) 是屬正確之詞外,在其他場合現在通常不使用這兩個字來指人,甚至如果你叫一名婦女 “a female”,那是無禮的冒犯之詞。所以,當名詞用的 male 和 female 最好僅用來指動植物,而人類的男性或女性則用 man 和 boy 或 woman 和 girl 來表示,除非年齡的問題使這些名詞在應用上都不恰當,如 Haemophilia is almost exclusively restricted to males. (血友病幾乎都發生在男性身上)。

Masculine 和 feminine 互為相反詞,前者意為「男性的;男子氣概的;男子漢的;(語法) 陽性的」,後者意為「女性的;嬌柔的;柔和的;女孩子氣的;適合女子的;(語法) 陰性的」。這兩個形容詞只能用來指人,但都可指男性和女性,是用來描述各該性別所特有的性質或屬性,如 He looks very masculine in his new uniform. (他穿上新制服看起來很有男子氣概);Mary has a deep masculine voice. (瑪麗有男子一般深沈的嗓音);Our new principal is a middle-aged masculine looking woman. (我們的新校長是一位男子模樣的中年女士);Actor is a masculine noun. (Actor 是個陽性名詞);conventional notions of feminine beauty (對女性美的傳統觀念);Tom has a rather feminine voice. (湯姆的聲音聽起來相當娘娘腔);He has delicate feminine hands. (他有一雙女子一般細嫩的手);Actress is a feminine noun. (Actress 是個陰性名詞)。

拋磚引玉;吃小虧佔大便宜;以小魚釣大魚;用小本賺大錢

英譯:
(throw) a sprat to catch a mackerel/whale

例句:
The policy aims mainly to throw a sprat to catch a mackerel. (這項政策旨在拋磚引玉)

Every week I invest one hundred NT dollars on the lottery tickets. It’s a sprat to catch a mackerel because one day I could win one hundred million. (我每個禮拜都花一百元買樂透彩,這完全是一種小冒險求大利的行動,因為有一天我可能會中1億元)

本文亦刊載在下列網址:
http://htmfiles.englishhome.org/idioms/idioms_chinese-1.htm

Q:下列金額的寫法那一種才正確? 還是兩種都可以? (1) one hundred sixty-eight thousand eight hundred ($168,800.00) dollars (2) one hundred sixty-eight thousand eight hundred dollars ($168,800.00)

A:根據紐約 McGraw-Hill 出版的 The Gregg Reference Manual 一書 (作者:William A. Sabin),括弧的金額絕對不可插在數字和 dollars 這個字之間,所以第 (2) 種寫法才正確。不過,我們可以寫成 “one hundred (100) dollars” 或是 “one hundred dollars ($100)” — “$” 這個符號代表的就是 “dollars”,所以兩者不能同時存在。

get up; get up to; give away; give back; give in; give in to; give it to; give it up for; give it up to; give of

get * up
使 (某人) 起立,站起來,起床
John got Tom up at 5:30 in the morning by turning the music up really loud.

get up
起立,站起來,起床
What time did you get up this morning?

get * up +
組織
Local people got up a petition against the factory closure.

get up to +
做 (壞事或不該做的事)
The children are always getting up to some trouble or other.

give * away +
(父母將當新娘的女兒) 交給 (新郎)
He gave his daughter away and told the groom to look after her.

give * away +
贈送;贈給
In this issue of the magazine, they are giving away a free DVD.

give * away +
捐贈;分送
He decided to give his new album away in a magazine.

give * away +
洩漏 (秘密);告發
She didn’t give anything away about the party so it came as a complete surprise to me.

give * away +
送分 (因離譜的錯誤而失分)
They gave away two goals in the first half.

give * away +
(將不想要的嬰兒) 送給別人 (扶養)
She had to give her baby away as she couldn’t afford to bring it up.

give * away +
出賣,告發 (某人)
The gang gave him away to the police.

give * away +
(拳擊、賽馬等) (在重量上) 對方佔優勢
He is giving away thirty pounds to the challenger.

give * back +
歸還,送還
When are you going to give that book back to your teacher?

give in
妥協;屈服;讓步
Never give in! You can do it!

give in
投降;認輸
They gave in when the police surrounded the building.

give * in +
交給;交上 (作業等)
She came to the class with a piece of work she should have given in last week.

give in to +
屈服於,向…讓步;向…投降
The government says it will not give in to terrorists.

give in to +
禁不住
Eventually, I gave in to my anger and screamed at them.

give it to +
(因某事而) 嚴厲責備或處罰 (某人)
They really gave it to me for forgetting to turn up.

give it up for +
為…鼓掌;為…喝采
Please give it up for our next guest.

give it up to +
為…鼓掌;為…喝采
Please give it up to our next guest.

give of +
奉獻或獻出 (自己的時間或金錢以幫助他人)
He gave of his free time to help the club.

本文亦刊載在下列網址:
http://htmfiles.englishhome.org/phrasalverbs/phrasalverbs-g.htm

Dexterous, dextrous (adj.), dexterously (adv.), dexterity, dexterousness (nn.) / ambidextrous (adj.), ambidextrously (adv.), ambidexterity (n.)

這兩組字的意思在使用上並不會造成混淆,以形容詞為例,dexterous 意為「靈巧的,熟練的,敏捷的」,如 She untied the knots with dexterous fingers. (她用靈巧的手指解開繩結),而 ambidextrous 意為「左右手都能靈巧運用的」,如 Left-handed people are usually ambidextrous. (左撇子通常雙手都能運用自如)。它們的意思都是正面的,都是用來讚美人的。然而,它們的拼字卻把許多人搞得七葷八素。

Dexterous 亦可拼成 dextrous (亦即,dextrous 是 dexterous 的變體字 variant),但前者是美國比較常見的拼法;再者,儘管 dexterous 的發音可為 DEK-stuhr-uhs 或 DEKS-truhs,但一般都是發成 DEKS-truhs,亦即發成少了一個 “e” 的 dextrous 的音,就像發 try 的 “tr” 的音一樣。尤有甚者,雖然 dexterous 有變體字,但與其相關的副詞和兩個名詞卻沒有變體字,只能分別拼成 dexterously,dexterity 和 dexterousness — 亦即中間一定要有個 “e”,沒有 “e” 就拼錯了。

夠奇怪的是,ambidextrous 和 ambidextrously 是各該形容詞和副詞唯一標準的拼法 (亦即中間沒有 “e”,有 “e” 就拼錯了),而 ambidexterity (跟 dexterity 一樣,中間有個 e) 是唯一相關的名詞。

Q:He was seriously hurt by her unkind words. 這句有沒有錯?

A:錯了。這個句子犯了英文固定搭配方面的錯誤。問題的癥結就出在 hurt 上。根據字典,這個字當動詞用時有四個主要意思,都是我們經常會用到的。

hurt 的第一個意思是「弄傷,使 (身體) 受傷」,與其固定搭配的用語為表示受傷程度輕重的 slightly/badly/seriously (輕度/嚴重/十分嚴重) 等副詞。例如:

  • He was only slightly hurt in the car accident. (他在這場車禍中僅受輕傷)
  • She was badly/seriously hurt when she fell off the ladder. (她從梯子上摔下來時受了重傷)

hurt 的第二個意思是「使傷心,使痛心」,與其固定搭配的用語為 very/rather/deeply (非常/相當/深感) 等副詞。例如:

  • I was deeply hurt by the way she just ignored me. (她對我不理不睬的態度讓我深感痛心)
  • He was very/rather/deeply hurt by her unkind words. (她那些無情無義的話使他非常/相當/深感傷心)
  • Don’t hurt my feelings. (別傷害我的感情)

所以,在問題的句子中,seriously 應改為 very 或 rather 或 deeply。

hurt 的第三個意思是「使感到疼痛」。值得注意的是,在這種用法中,現在進行式和簡單現在式的意思並無二致。例如:

  • “Where does it hurt/Where is it hurting, Mr. Lee?” (什麼地方痛,李先生?)
    “Just here, doctor.” (就在這裡,醫生)
  • “Tell me where it hurts/where it is hurting.” (告訴我那裡痛)
    “My arm hurts.” (我的手臂痛)
  • You’re hurting my arm. Ouch! Don’t touch me. That hurts. (你弄痛了我的手臂。唉唷! 別碰我,那很痛)

hurt 的第四個意思是「造成傷害 (問題等);損害」。例如:

  • This will hurt his reputation. (這將有損他的聲譽)
  • This will hurt his chances of being elected. (這將損害他當選的機會)
  • Have another drink — one more won’t hurt. (再喝一杯 — 多喝一杯不會有問題的)

Q:在 You may well say so. 這句中,may well 的意思為何? 另外,may/might (just) as well 和 may/might as well…as 的意思又是為何?

A:may/might well 意為「很可能;儘可,有足夠理由」,如 She may/might well refuse to speak to you. (她很可能拒絕跟你說話);You may/might well say so. (= You have good/enough reason to say so.) (你有足夠的理由這麼說)。這種句型也可變成倒裝句,如 She may well refuse to speak to you. 可以變成 Well may she refuse to speak to you. — 請注意詞序。再舉一例:Well may you ask why! (你儘可以問原因啊)。

再者,你可能會見到 might well + have + P.P. 的句型,這僅意為「很可能」,它的用途主要有二:(1) 在與過去事實相反的假設語氣中用於結果子句,如 We lost the baseball match, but we might well have won if one of our players hadn’t been hurt. (我們輸了這場棒球賽,但如果我們有個球員不受傷的話,我們很可能會贏);(2) 對過去所發生事情的推測,如 Your mother might well have been looking for you. (你媽媽很可能一直在找你)。注意:在否定句中,NOT 是位在 “well” 之後 (意為「很可能不」),如 You may well not recognize him. (你很可能認不出他了)。

may/might (just) as well (= had better/best) 意為「最好 (還是);還是…的好」,如 You may/might as well not fool around all day long. (= You had better/best not fool around all day long.) (你最好別整天遊手好閒) — NOT 同樣位在 “well” 之後 (意為「最好不」);No one will eat the food; it may/might just as well be thrown away. (沒有人要吃這些食物,最好還是扔掉算了)。

may as well A as B 意為「與其 B 不如 A」。
might as well A as B 意為「做 B 等於做 A」。例如:

  • One may as well not know a thing at all as know it imperfectly. (與其一知半解不如完全不知)
  • We might as well negotiate with a tiger for its hide as try to make peace with the Chinese Communists. (與中共謀和無異於與虎謀皮)