Nutritional, nutritious, nutritive (adjs.); nutrient, nutriment, nutrition (nn.)

Nutritional, nutritious 和 nutritive 這三個形容詞都有「營養的,滋養的,有營養的,有營養成份的,營養價值高的」意思,與 nourishing 同義,如 nutritional supplements (滋補品);a nutritious meal (一頓營養豐富的飯菜);Milk is very nutritious. (牛奶很有營養);Nectar and pollen are very nutritive. (花蜜和花粉很有營養價值)。

Nutritional 和 nutritive 還意為「與營養有關的」。就 nutritional 的這兩個意思而言,「與營養有關的」現在要比「營養的,滋養的,有營養的,營養價值高的」來得常見許多,如 the nutritional requirements of a baby (嬰兒的營養要求);nutritional information (與營養有關的資訊);nutritional guidelines for school meals (學校伙食的營養指導方針);Nutritional labeling must be made compulsory. (必須強制做營養成份標示)。

Nutritive 是個比較正式的用字,由於它亦有上述兩個意思,所以經常被用來代替 nutritional 或 nutritious,但通常代替 nutritional 來表示「與營養有關的」意思。綜合上述,nutritional 和 nutritive 現在用來表示「與營養有關的」意思要比「營養的,滋養的,有營養的」意思來得常見,如 What is the nutritive value of potatoes? (馬鈴薯的營養價值如何?)。

至於另一個亦意為「營養的,滋養的」形容詞 nutrient,現已鮮少看到它的形容詞用法,因此一些新版的字典已不再列出它的形容詞意思。換言之,nutrient 現今幾已僅當名詞用,意為「營養物,營養品,食物;養分」,如 This soil contains valuable nutrients. (這種土壤含有寶貴的養分)。

除 nutrient 外,英文中可以表示「營養物,營養品,食物 (food)」之意思的字還有 nutriment, nutrition 和 nourishment,其中除 nutrient 為可數名詞外,其餘皆為不可數名詞,而 nutriment 是個正式 (formal) 用字。在 nutrient, nutriment 和 nutrition 這三個拼字相近的同義名詞中,nutrition 是最常見的,因此也是大家最為熟悉的,但它還有兩個意思是另外兩字所沒有的,那就是「營養 (作用),滋養」和「營養學」,如 Because of his poor nutrition, he has grown weaker and weaker. (他因為營養不良,身體越來越虛弱);Good nutrition is essential for good health. (良好的營養是健康不可或缺的);Nutrition is a scientific study on food and its effect on health and growth. (營養學是一門研究食物及其對健康和成長之影響的學問)。

Q:Where do you come from? 和 Where did you come from? 的意思一樣嗎?

A:這兩句的意思並不一樣,須加以區別並牢記。Where do you come from? 的意思是「您是哪一國的人?」、「您來自哪裡?」或「您府上哪兒?」,與 Where are you from? 同義。而 Where did you come from? 的意思則是「您從哪兒過來?」(意思是說您是從那個地點來到這裡)。例如:

  • Where did you come from?
    I just came from the school/library. (我剛從學校/圖書館過來)

投鼠忌器;自己有過勿道他人之短

英譯:
people/those who live in glass houses should not throw stones

例句:
“People who live in glass houses should not throw stones” is a saying, meaning people with faults of their own should take care not to attack the faults of others. (People who live in glass houses should not throw stones 是句諺語,意為「自己有缺點就別揭人家短處」)

Mary says that Amy is selfish, but Mary is more selfish herself. People who live in glass houses should not throw stones. (瑪麗說艾美自私自利,但她自己更自私自利。自己有同樣缺點的人最好不要說別人)

本文亦刊載在下列網址:
http://htmfiles.englishhome.org/idioms/idioms_chinese-1.htm

Q:在 She would have liked to go to Hong Kong for the weekend. 這句中,would have liked 的意義為何?

A:would have liked 是 would like 的過去式,兩者後面都是接現在式不定詞 (to + 原形動詞),但前者是表示過去想要做但卻沒有做的情況。這種情況也可以用 「would like + 完成式不定詞 (to + have + P.P.)」或 「wanted + 完成式不定詞」(注意:這裡 want 必須用過去式) 來表示。例如:

  • My sister would have liked to study abroad.  (我妹妹本來想出國留學 — 但事實上並沒有去)
    = My sister would like to have studied abroad.
    = My sister wanted to have studied abroad.

所以,問題中的句子是說她本來想去香港度週末,但事實上並沒有去。

Q:What do you say to going to a movie with me tonight? 這句的意思為何?

A:這句話的意思是「今晚跟我去看電影好不好?」。我想這位讀者想要問的問題應該是 “What do you say to…” 在句中的意思。它的意思與 “How about…” (如何呢?/怎麼樣呢?/好不好呢?) 完全一樣,其中 to 是介系詞 (並非不定詞),所以其後接動名詞 — 這與 about 後接動名詞正好相符。例如:

  • What do you say to going out for lunch? (到外面吃午餐好嗎?)
    = How about going out for lunch?

Q:Everyone was tired except John. (除約翰外,大家都累了) 這句為何可以寫成 Everyone except John was tired.,但卻不能寫成 Except John everyone was tired. 呢?

A:except 意為「除了…之外」(這是除去 except 後面所接的人事物,不包括在內)。在學習英文的過程中,相信有不少人被這個字以及與其形義相似、詞類相同 (皆為介系詞) 的 except for 和 excepting 搞得一個頭兩個大。因此,在此將就這三個意思相近、但用法不盡相同的字作一詳盡的說明,讓大家從此不再為其所苦。

首先來看 except 和 except for 用法上的差異:except 後面可以接名詞、代名詞、動詞、副詞、介詞片語或子句,而 except for 僅能接名詞或代名詞;所以,如果它們的後面是接名詞或代名詞,except 和 except for 在大多數情況中都是可以互換的。例如:

  • Everyone was tired except John. (除約翰外,大家都累了) — 接名詞。
  • They all went to the public library last Sunday except him. (除了他之外,上星期天他們都去了公立圖書館) — 接代名詞。
  • Every day Mary does nothing except watch TV. (瑪麗每天除了看電視外什麼事都不做) — 接動詞。

附帶說明:若句子的主動詞為 do/does/did,則 except 後面一般都是接省略 to 的原形動詞,如上句;若主動詞不是 do/does/did,則 except 通常是接帶 to 的不定詞,如 I had no choice except to obey his order. (我除了服從他的命令外別無選擇)。

  • He always goes to work by bike except recently. (除最近外,他都是騎腳踏車上班) — 接副詞。
  • I can take my holidays at any time except in August. (除八月外,我什麼時候休假都可以) — 接介詞片語。
  • I know nothing about him except that he lives next door. (我除了知道他住在我隔壁外,其他事情毫無所悉) — 接子句。
  • My father usually goes to work by motorbike except when it rains. (除下雨天外,我爸爸通常騎機車上班) — 接子句。

再者,

1. 在 all, any, every, no, none, anything, anybody, anyone, everything, everybody, everyone, nobody, nothing 等表示泛指的不定代名詞之後,一般都用 except 而不用 except for。例如:

  • She ate everything on the plate except the carrots. (除胡蘿蔔外,她把盤子裡的東西都吃了)
  • I’ve cleaned all the rooms except the toilet. (除廁所外,所有房間我都清掃了)

2. except 用於表示同類事物之間的關係,而 except for 表示非同類事物的比較。例如:

  • Everyone was tired except John. (除約翰外,大家都累了) — 句中 everyone 和 John 同類。
  • We go to school every day except Sunday. (除星期天外,我們天天上學) — 句中 every day 和 Sunday 同類。
  • Except for one old lady, the bus was empty. (除一位老太太乘坐外,這部公車空無一人) — 句中 old lady 和 bus 不同類。
  • The road was empty except for a few cars. (除了幾輛汽車外,這條路空蕩蕩的) — 句中 road 和 car 不同類。

附帶說明:儘管問題中的例句也可寫成 Everyone was tired except for John.,但根據第 1 和第 2 項敘述,我們還是寫成 Everyone was tired except John. 比較好。

3. except for 可置於句首,但 except 卻不行 — 這就是為何 Everyone was tired except John. 不能寫成 Except John everyone was tired. 的原因;所以,正確的寫法是 Except for John, everyone was tired.。再舉一例:

  • Except for Mike, we are all under 40. (除麥可外,我們均不到40歲)

4. except for 在表示對整體大部分的肯定和對小部分的否定 — 亦即包含大部分,除去小部分。例如:

  • Mr. Lin is a good man except for his bad temper. (除了脾氣不好外,林先生是個好人)
  • Your composition is quite excellent except for several spelling mistakes. (除了幾處拼字錯誤外,你的作文棒極了)

5. 僅 except for 有「若非;要不是」(= but for) 的意思,except 並無此義。例如:

  • She would have left her husband years ago except for the children. (要不是為了小孩,幾年前她就離開她丈夫了)。
    = She would have left her husband years ago but for the children.
    = She would have left her husband years ago if she had not had the children.
    = But that she had the children, she would have left her husband years ago.

最後來談 excepting。這是個比較正式的用字,可置於句首,其後通常接名詞或代名詞,或用於 not, without, always 等詞之後。例如:

  • Excepting Sundays, the library is open daily. (除星期天外,圖書館天天開放)
  • Dogs are not allowed in the shop, always excepting blind people’s guide dogs. (除了盲人的導盲犬外,其他的狗一律不准帶進那家商店)
  • I think we must keep improving our English not excepting those who have mastered it. (我認為我們必須不斷地增進我們的英語能力,就連那些業已精通英語的人士也不例外)
  • All of us, without excepting those who know more about the subject, should study. (我們所有人都要研究這主題,就連那些比較瞭解這主題的人也不例外)

trade in; trade off; trade on/upon; trade up; trickle down; trip over; trip up; trot out; trump up; try back

trade * in +
將 (舊物) 折價換購 (同類新物)
She traded in her old car for the new model.

trade * in +
拋棄妻子或丈夫去跟比較年輕的女子或男子結婚;棄舊愛迎新歡
He traded in his wife when he became the chairman.

trade * off +
以 (某物) 換取 (某物);拿…換…
A longer working week was traded off for a pay rise.

trade on/upon +
利用
They trade on/upon their reputation to scare rivals.

trade up
出售…以貼換價格較高的同類商品;購買較大或較昂貴的商品
British wine drinkers have traded up over the last few years from cheap plonk (廉價劣質酒;便宜酒) to expensive wines.

trade up
拋棄妻子或丈夫去跟比較年輕、長得比較好看或比較有錢的女子或男子結婚;棄舊愛迎新歡
She supported him for years while he was struggling, but when he hit the big time he left her and traded up.

trickle down
利益均霑;利益分享;將從經濟繁榮所獲得的利益與窮人或弱勢者分享
Despite the economic boom, few benefits have trickled down to the poor.

trip over
摔倒;在 (某物) 上摔一跤
I tripped over and hurt my knee.

trip over +
被 (某物) 絆倒
I tripped over the kerb and broke my nose.

trip up
犯錯
I tripped up in the interview when they asked me about what I could offer the company.

trot * out +
老調重彈;重複 (過去的解釋、說明、藉口等)
The spokeswoman trotted out the same old unconvincing excuses.

trump up +
假造、捏造 (罪名誣陷他人)
The police trumped up the charges against him and he ended up in prison though he hadn’t done it.

try back
(電話打不通或找不到人後等一下) 再打
I called but they weren’t in, so I’ll try back later.

本文亦刊載在下列網址:
http://htmfiles.englishhome.org/phrasalverbs/phrasalverbs-t.htm

Q:請說明 “sic” 的正確用法。在文章中引用他人的語句時,是否每次都要在同一錯字後面使用它,還是只要在第一次出現的錯字後面使用就可以了? 再者,在一篇文章或報告中,我們是僅使用一次「錯字 + sic」,然後改正後面的所有錯字,還是通篇都使用「錯字 + sic」呢?

A:sic 為拉丁字,意為「原文如此」(= so; thus),當副詞用。在引用語句時,如遇原文錯誤或欠妥之處,就在其後加上 [sic] (這個字須用斜體,但不加底線,而且置於方括弧內) 來表示「原文照登」。由於這個字並非縮寫字,所以其後沒有句點。

根據 New York Public Library Writer’s Guide to Style and Usage 一書的說明,除非基於歷史或道德因素,認為在引句中保留原文錯誤的拼字和文法確實有其重要性或必要性,否則一直保留錯字或不當的文法而不加以改正,被視為一種不禮貌的作法。倘若引句中拼字錯誤百出,最好在文章或報告的開頭就先註明引句是原文照登,否則這裡一個 [sic],那裡一個 [sic],叫讀者不煩也難。

Zero, naught, nought, love, nil (nn.)

0 這個數字在英文中有多個名稱,標題中這幾個字都可以表示 0,其中以 zero和 nought 最常見。在科學和數學中,以及表示溫度等的場合,一般都將 0 唸成 zero,如 There are two zeros in 2009. (在 2009 中有兩個 0);It was two degrees below zero last night. (昨晚的氣溫是零下 2 度);sub-zero temperature (零下的溫度)。倒數計時也使用 zero,如 five, four, three, two, one, zero (5、4、3、2、1、0)。zero 的複數為 zeros 或 zeroes,但前者比較常見,受到許多人的青睞。

在日常說話時,英式英語亦使用 nought 來表示 0,尤其是在小數點之前或之後,如 The number 1000 has three noughts/zeros. (1000 這個數有三個 0);0.3 讀作 nought point three,但 0.03 通常讀作 point nought three。若要說出某個號碼 (如電話號碼、帳號等),英式英語是將 0 唸成英文字母 O (發音跟 oh 這個字很像),如 My phone number is oh-oh-seven-one-two-three-four. (我的電話號碼是 0071234)。此外,英國人亦經常將小數點後面的 0 唸成 oh,如 3.05 唸成 three point oh five;0.03 唸成 point oh three。

Naught 與 nought 除了「零」的意思外,還意為「無 (物)」(nothing)。雖然有字典把 naught 視為 nought 的另一種拼法,但它們在大多數場合並不能互換,因為它們並非完全同義詞且大多用在固定用語或慣用語中,尤其是 naught,如 set at naught (不在乎;不害怕;蔑視);noughts and crosses (畫圈打叉的井字遊戲);come to naught/nought (落空;無結果;化為泡影);All their plans came to naught/nought. (他們所有計畫都落空了);由於 naught 與 nought 拼字相近,再加上意思有部分重疊,因此有人可能會被搞混,而錯把「馮京」當「馬涼」,必須留意。此外,noughts and crosses 雖為複數型,但這片語是當不可數名詞用,其動詞必須用單數。

Love 和 nil 都是運動比賽用語,意為「零分」。love 僅用於網球比賽,如 The score was four love in the final set. (最後一盤的分數是 4 比 0) — four 和 love 之間經常加上連字號。nil 為英式英語,可用於各種比賽,如 The teams drew nil-nil. (這兩隊以零比零打成平手);Giants won three nil. (巨人隊以 3 比 0 獲勝)。

在上述所有場合,美式英語都會使用 zero,但在數學應用中,美國人有時會使用 naught 來表示 0。

Q:”Nice to meet you” 和 “Nice meeting you” 有何不同?

A:(It is) Nice to meet/see you. (很高興認識/見到你) 是剛見面時的寒暄語。你也可以用 I’m glad/happy to meet/see you. 來表達相同的意思。而 (It was) Nice meeting/seeing you. 則是雙方見了面、交談過後要道別時所說的話,所以其後往往接著說「再見」(Goodbye, Bye-bye, Bye, See ya, cheerio 等等 — cheerio 大多是英國人的說法) 或「保重」(Take care) 之類的話。

Nice meeting/seeing you.
= My pleasure meeting/seeing you.
= Nice to have met/seen you.