Climactic (adj.), climatic (adj.), climacteric (adj., n.)

這三個字的意思截然不同,但相近的拼字和發音,有時還是會讓人搞混的。climactic 是 climax 的形容詞,意為「高潮的;形成高潮的」 — climax 意為「(小說、影片、戲劇或事件等的) 高潮;性高潮,性快感 (orgasm)」:a climactic car chase (掀起高潮的汽車追逐場面)。climatic 是 climate 的形容詞,意為「氣候的」:These climatic conditions are unsuitable for outdoor activities. (這些氣候狀況不適合戶外活動)。

Climacteric 可當名詞和形容詞用,名詞意為「更年期 (男女適用)」– 如女性停經 (menopause),但它還有一通俗的意思,即「(人生的) 重要時期;轉折期」,而形容詞意為「更年期的,重要時期的;重要的,決定性的」:The symptoms associated with the climacteric period have now been well documented in other countries. (其他國家對於與更年期有關的症狀現已有充分的文件記載)。

Q:在表達「目的」的觀念時,我經常被 for 和 to 搞得一頭霧水,不知何時該用 for,又何時該用 to?

A:1. 當我們要表達動作的目的 (purpose) 時,可以使用 「for + 名詞」或「to + 不定詞」來表示。例如:

  • I’m going to New York next week for an interview. I hope to work for the UN. (下週我要到紐約接受面試。我希望為聯合國工作)
  • I’ve come to Taipei to attend a seminar and to meet some old friends of mine. (我來台北參加座談會並會見一些老朋友)

2. 當我們要表達東西或物品的用途 (purpose) 時,要使用 「for + V-ing」來表示。例如:

  • What are these two knives used for? (這兩把刀做什麼用?)
    This one is for cutting bread and that one is just for slicing meat. (這把是用來切麵包,而那把只用來切肉片)

3. What… for? 的問句既可表示動作的目的亦可表示東西的用途。例如:

  • What did you do that for? (為什麼你要那樣做 — 目的為何?)
    = Why did you do that? (這裡 What… for? 等於 Why…?)
  • What are these two buttons for? (這兩個按鈕做什麼用 — 用途為何?)
    The blue one is for opening the door and the green one is for closing the door. (藍色按鈕用來開門,而綠色按鈕用來關門)

Q:在 There is a vacancy for a computer programmer in most every company. 這句中,most 是否為 almost 之誤?

A:非也! 在 There is a vacancy for a computer programmer in most every company. (幾乎每家公司都有電腦程式設計師的缺額) 這句中,most 就是 almost。

大多數著名的英文字典都會提到 most (副詞) 也有 almost 的意思。根據 Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary of English Usage 及 The New Fowler’s Modern English Usage,這一用法自 16 世紀以來就已存在 (最初是在蘇格蘭使用),係肇因於 almost 經常被寫成 ‘most,而後來就變成了 most。儘管現今在英國僅若干方言會有使用 most 來代替 almost 的情況,但在美式英語中,這卻是一種標準或正規的用法 (standard usage) — 雖然是屬於非正式用法。請看下面的例句:

  • She plays cards most every evening. (她幾乎每天晚上都玩牌)

Drunk, drunken (adjs.)

這兩個形容詞都意為「(酒) 醉的」,但 drunk 通常用在動詞之後,其型態為 BE 動詞、get 等連綴動詞 + drunk (on + 所喝的酒),而 drunken 通常用在名詞之前,如 He got drunk on only two glasses of wine. (他才喝了兩杯葡萄酒就醉了);He got dead drunk on only two cans of beer. (他才喝了兩罐啤酒就爛醉如泥);There was a drunken man lying on the ground. (地上躺了一名醉漢)。drunk 經常與其他字連用來構成固定搭配,如 blind/dead/roaring drunk, drunk as a skunk/lord,這幾個片語均意為「酩酊大醉,爛醉如泥」(= very drunk),如 He is blind/dead drunk./He is drunk as a skunk. (他喝得酩酊大醉)。drunk 還可當名詞用,意為「酒鬼,酗酒者;醉漢」,為一貶抑詞。

Drunk 可用於比喻,但 drunken 則不行。drunk 的比喻意思為「陶醉的;興奮的;暈頭轉向的」,其後接介系詞 with,如 John is drunk with power. (約翰醉心於權力);He was drunk with success. (他陶醉於成功中);She felt drunk with rage. (她氣得暈頭轉向)。不過,drunken 除了「(酒) 醉的」意思外,還意為「酒醉引起的」,如 My uncle had a drunken sleep. (我叔叔喝醉後呼呼大睡);He collapsed in a drunken stupor. (他醉得不省人事而倒在地上);a drunken brawl/rage (酒後鬧事/狂怒)。在英國,酒醉鬧事、擾亂治安是一種犯罪行為,但這一法律用語並非 drunken brawl,而是 drunk and disorderly,如 The police charged him with being drunk and disorderly. (警方指控他酒醉鬧事、擾亂治安)。

然而,由於 drunk 暗指一時或暫時的酒醉,而 drunken 暗指習慣性的酗酒,因此當需要強調這項差別時,這兩個形容詞慣常的用法規則可以反其道而行,亦即 drunk 用於名詞之前,而 drunken 用於動詞之後,這也就是「酒後駕車」的英文可以是drunk driving 或 drunken driving 的原因;在英國,「酒後駕車」還可說成或寫成 drink-driving。drunken 用於動詞之後的情況其實並不多見,如 He was usually drunken and foul-mouthed. (他經常酗酒又爆粗口)。不過,在法律上,酒後駕車的正式用語並非drunk/drunken driving,而是 DWI (driving while intoxicated) — intoxicated 意為「(酒) 醉的;陶醉的」,如 He was arrested for/charged with DWI. (他因酒後駕車被捕/他被控酒後駕車)。除了 DWI之外,還有另一個表示「酒後駕車」的用語亦不時被使用,那就是 DUI (driving under the influence)。

Q:each other、one another 和 both 的所有格為何?

A:在進入正題之前,有必要先對 each other 和 one another 的用法做個說明。這兩者的意思都是「彼此,互相」。根據傳統的文法規則,在指兩個人或兩項事物時,要使用 each other,但若是指兩個以上的人或兩項以上的事物,則要使用 one another。然而,此一規則並無令人信服的特殊理由,所以現今大多數人都不理會這項規則,而是視個人習慣使用其中之一。

言歸正傳! one another 的所有格比較容易處理,就是在 another 的後面加上 ‘s,變成 one another’s (不是 one anothers’):They held one another’s hands. (他們彼此手牽著手)。

至於 each other 的所有格則比較麻煩。根據 The American Heritage Book of English Usage 和 Fowler’s Modern English Usage,each other 的所有格也是在其後加上 ‘s,變成 each other’s (不是 each others’):They had forgotten each other’s names. (他們皆已忘了對方的名字)。然而,在 Modern American Usage 一書中,作者 Bryan Garner 這樣寫道:each other 適當的所有格是 each other’s,但當其後接複數名詞時 (each other 的所有格後面都是接複數名詞),所有格符號 apostrophe 有時會跑到 s 的右邊而變成 each others’;再者,一些著名的文學作品也都是在複數名詞前使用這樣的所有格型態,如 each others’ throats, each others’ hearts。

both 的所有格更麻煩。它的習慣寫法是「both + 所有格 + 名詞」,如 Both their children are grown-up. (他們的兩個小孩都已成年);Both her parents are doctors. (她的父母親都是醫生)。顯然地,both 是在限定所有格後面的名詞的數目,在表達「兩個」的意思。

雖然 both 的這種構造現在仍是習慣用法,但在實務上我們可以使用 “of both” 這樣的所有格型態來使文法意思更明確、更合乎邏輯。例如,在 I gave copies of the book to both their mothers. 中,both their mothers 的意思是「他們的兩個母親」,這語意當然不清,但如果將此句改為 I gave copies of the book to the mothers of both (of them).,這就變成了「他們兩人的母親」。再舉一例:It’s both their fault. 是「那是他們兩人的過錯」還是「那是他們的兩項過錯」呢? 如果我們將此句改為 It’s the fault of both (of them).,語意就清楚了。必須注意的是,英文並沒有 both’s mothers, both’s fault 這樣的所有格寫法。

touch down; touch for; touch off; touch on/upon; touch up; toy at; toy over; toy with; track down; trade down

touch down
(飛機) 降落,著陸
The plane touched down at Narita airport an hour late.

touch * for
向 (某人) 借錢,向 (某人) 要錢
I touched him for some cash as I’d forgotten my cards.

touch * off +
引起,觸發
The government’s decision touched off riots in the capital.

touch on/upon +
提到,提及,觸及
The presidential candidates touched on the subject of health care during the debates.

touch * up +
潤色,修飾 (畫、照片、文章等)
Touch up the paint before you try and sell the house.

touch * up
毛手毛腳
She got angry when he tried to touch her up in the elevator.

toy at +
隨便想想
She toyed at getting them to help her but then did it alone.

toy over +
有…的念頭,有…的想法
I toyed over the idea for a while, but decided not to go ahead with it.

toy with +
撥弄 (盤中食物)
It was horrible, so I just toyed with the food.

toy with +
有…的念頭,有…的想法
We toyed with the idea of moving to the country, but it isn’t really practical.

toy with +
(因緊張而) 撥弄
He toyed with the stem of his glass as he spoke.

track * down +
(長時間追尋後) 追蹤到,追查到,發現到 (某人);追查出 (某事)
It took me ages to track them down in the crowd at the football game.

trade down
賣掉…以購進價格較低的同類物品
Their house is too large now that their children have left home, so they’re going to trade down to a smaller one.

本文亦刊載在下列網址:
http://htmfiles.englishhome.org/phrasalverbs/phrasalverbs-t.htm

Converse, inverse, obverse, reverse (adjs., nn.)

這四個字的 -verse 部分意為「轉動」(to turn),而字首則表示轉動的方向或本質。

Converse 當形容詞用時意為「(觀點、信仰或陳述等) 相反的」,如 I hold the converse opinion. (我持相反的意見)。converse 當名詞用時意為「相反的事物、相反的說法、相反的意思;反面的言詞或陳述」,其前必須加上定冠詞 the,而其後經常接 of + 受詞,如 “Buyer” is the converse of “seller.” (Buyer 是 seller 的相反詞);”It’s windy but not wet” is the converse of “It’s wet but not windy.” (It’s windy but not wet 是 It’s wet but not windy 的反面說法);You say that your mother dislikes you but in fact the converse is true – you dislike your mother. (你說你母親不喜歡你,但其實情形恰好相反 — 是你討厭你母親)。converse 的副詞 conversely 意為「另一方面;從另一方面來看」(on the other hand),如 This newspaper story could damage their reputation; conversely, it will give them a lot of free publicity. (報紙上的這篇報導可能損害他們的名譽,不過從另一方面來看,它將為他們做大量免費的宣傳)。事實上,converse 還可當動詞用,就是 conversation (會話,談話) 的動詞,意為「談話,交談」,它的重音在第二音節;當名詞用的 converse,重音在第一音節,而當形容詞用的 converse,重音可在第一或第二音節。

Inverse當形容詞用時意為「(次序、位置、數量或大小等) 相反的;顛倒的;逆向的」,經常用在 in reverse proportion/relation/relationship (to) –「(與…) 成反比」– 這類片語中,如 The human population was growing in inverse proportion/relation to that of the lions and elephants. (人口成長與獅子和大象的數量成長成反比);Subtraction is the inverse operation of addition. (減法是與加法相反的運算)。inverse 當名詞用時意為「相反的事物;顛倒的事物;(數學的) 倒數」,亦總是以 the inverse (of) 的型態出現,如 The inverse of 4 is 1/4. (4 的倒數是 1/4)。就使用頻率而言,當形容詞用的 inverse 比當名詞用的 inverse 要來得常用。inverse 無論是當形容詞或名詞用,重音都是在第二音節。

Obverse是個正式字,是這四個字當中最不常見的,當形容詞用時意為「正面的;對應的」,如 The obverse side of a coin or medal has the head or design on it. (硬幣或獎章的正面有人頭或圖案)。obverse 當名詞用時意為「(硬幣、獎章及其他扁平物體的) 正面;對立面;對應的事物,相對物 (counterpart)」,也都是以 the obverse (of) 的型態出現,如 The obverse of love is hate. (愛的反面是恨);Defeat is the obverse of victory. (失敗是勝利的反面);Nobody liked his proposition but the obverse was equally unattractive. (誰也不喜歡他的論點,但相對的論點也同樣不討喜)。當名詞用的 obverse,重音在第一音節,而當形容詞用的 obverse,重音在第二音節。

Reverse是這四個字當中最常用和最常見的,當形容詞用時意為「(位置、方向等) 相反的,反向的,顛倒的;反面的,背面的」,僅用於名詞之前,如 This time it came in the reverse direction. (這一次它是從相反的方向來的);She then looked at the reverse side of the coin. (接著她看了看錢幣的反面);in reverse order (次序顛倒);Now arrange the numbers in reverse order. (現在倒過來排列這些數字)。reverse 當名詞用時意為「相反;(硬幣、獎章及其他扁平物體的) 反面,背面;倒車檔」,除「倒車檔」之外,亦同樣皆以 the reverse (of) 的型態出現,如 They did the reverse of what the teacher told them to do. (他們做的與老師的要求相反);The truth is just the reverse. (真實的情況恰好相反);Quite the reverse is true. (真實的情況恰好相反);There’s a picture of an eagle on the reverse of the coin. (硬幣的背面是隻老鷹的圖案);Drive the car in reverse (= reverse gear) until you get out of the alley. (倒車直到你開出這條巷子)。就硬幣等的正反面而言,obverse 和 reverse 是相反詞;硬幣的正反面亦分別叫做 head 和 tail。

事實上,reverse 還可當動詞用,而且是個相當常用的字,意為「顛倒,翻轉,使倒轉;轉變,改變;倒車;推翻,撤銷 (法庭判決)」,如 Their positions are now reversed. (他們的地位現在顛倒過來了);His coat can be reversed when it begins to rain. (他的外衣在下雨時能翻過來穿);The stock market reversed course and closed with a modest gain. (股市止跌回升,以小幅上漲作收);The new government set about reversing previous policies. (新政府開始改變以前的政策);He reversed his car into the garage. (他倒車入庫);The court reversed its decision. (法庭撤銷了原來的判決)。reverse 無論是當形容詞、名詞或動詞用,重音都是在第二音節。

Q:see 和 feel 有時也可用進行式,對不對?

A:沒錯,這兩個動詞一般都不用進行式,但在某些情況中則可以;至於它們是否能以進行式的型態出現,完全取決於它們在上下文中的意思而定。

see = understand,意為「懂得,知道,明白,瞭解」(從不用進行式)。

當 see 的意思相當於 understand 時,它可以跟 that/why/what/how 所引導的子句連用,但從不用進行式。

  • I can see why you’re angry, but it’s not my fault. (我可以理解你為何生氣,但那不是我的錯)
  • I saw that he was angry and I thought it better not interrupt him. (我知道他在生氣,所以我認為最好還是不要去打擾他)
  • I can see now how easily he loses his temper. (我現在瞭解到他很容易發脾氣)

see = find out,意為「發現,查明」(從不用進行式)。

當 see 的意思相當於 find out 時,它通常跟 if 子句連用,但從不用進行式。

  • He returned to the scene of the accident to see if any help was needed. (他重返出事現場,看看是否需要任何協助)
  • I’ll see if I can buy you a lunch box on my way home. (我會看看是否可以在回家途中幫你買個便當)

see = meet / date or go out with,意為「約會;會晤,會面」(往往用進行式)。

當 see 意為約會時,它幾乎都是用進行式。至於其他形式的會晤、見面,有時也用進行式。

  • Are you still seeing Steven? (你還在跟史蒂芬交往嗎?)
    Oh no, I stopped seeing him months ago. (哦,不! 幾個月前我就不再跟他交往了)
  • I’ve been seeing quite a lot of Martin recently. He’s very nice. (最近我跟馬丁約會得很頻繁。他很棒。)
  • I don’t have an appointment, but is there any chance that Mr. Lee could see me this afternoon? (我沒有預約,但李先生今天下午可以見我嗎?)
    Well, he’s seeing the Korean ambassador at three o’ clock but he could possibly see you after that. (嗯,他下午三點要會晤韓國大使,之後他或許可以跟你見個面)

feel = think,意為「認為」(不用進行式)。

當 feel 的意思相當於 think 時,它通常跟 that (可以省略) 子句或 about 片語連用。當你使用 feel 來取代 think 時,你所表達的觀點可能比較著重於個人主觀 (或個人情緒) 的看法,而比較少講求證據。

  • I feel that more should be done to help disadvantaged people. (我認為在幫助弱勢族群上應該要做得更多)
  • What do you feel about this idea? (你認為這主意怎麼樣?)

feel = touch or physical/emotional state,意為「觸摸;覺得」(經常用進行式)。

  • I was feeling under the bed to see if the cat was still there. (我在床底下觸摸,看看那隻貓是否還在)
  • Are you feeling better? (你覺得好點沒有?)
    Yes, I feel fine now. (是的,我現在覺得很好)
  • How are you feeling today? (你今天覺得怎麼樣?)

Q:我們有時會看到 “So be it” 這個用語,請問它是什麼意思?

A:這是個表示假設語氣的固定用語,意為「那就這樣吧」(請看下面的例句)。 英文中有若干固定的假設語氣片語或句子,它們的主要特色就是動詞都是原形動詞 (不管人稱為何)。類似的假設語氣片語或句子還有 “bless you”, “long live”, “be that as it may”, “suffice it to say (that) + 子句” 等等。例如:

  • Bless you. (願上帝保佑您) — 這是 May God bless you. 的簡稱。
  • Long live our gracious Queen. (吾國仁慈寬厚的女王萬歲) — 這是英國國歌的第一行。
    Long live the bride and groom. (新娘新郎長命百歲) — 在婚宴上舉杯向新人敬酒的祝賀語。
  • I have always supported you financially, but be that as it may, I can no longer support your current lifestyle. If I have to pretend that you no longer exist, so be it. (我一直在金錢上支援你,但即使如此,我也不能再資助你目前的生活方式。如果我不得不假裝你已不存在,那就這樣吧!) — be that as it may 等於 even if that is true, in spite of that (即使真是這樣;儘管如此)。
  • I could mention other examples of your bad work, but suffice it to say (that) your performance has been unsatisfactory. (我還可以舉出你工作不力的其他事例,但我只要說你的表現一直不能讓人滿意就夠了,其他的就不必多說了) — suffice 為動詞;suffice it to say (that) 意為「只要說…就夠了」。

Extemporaneous, impromptu (adjs.), extempore (adj., adv.)

Extemporaneous 和 extempore 當形容詞用時是同義詞,意為「即席的;即興的;事先無準備的」(done without any previous preparation, on the spur of the moment),特別用來指演說,如 He made an extemporaneous/extempore speech. (他發表即席演說);然而,除上述意思外,這兩個字還意為「(事先經過準備但) 未背熟的,不用講稿的,不看稿的」。這兩種意思都是正規英語,但第二義比較傾向於專業的應用,有時侷限於與教導和學習演說或演講有關的上下文,如 The professor gave an extemporaneous/extempore discourse on art. (這位教授不看稿就發表了一場關於藝術的演講)。extempore 除當形容詞外亦可用作副詞,如 It’s very hard to speak extempore. (發表即席演說很難)。

Impromptu 通常與 extemporaneous 和 extempore 的第一義同義,亦即意為「即席的;即興的;事先無準備的;未計畫的」,如He delivered a splendid impromptu speech. (他發表了一場精彩的即席演說)。impromptu 除用來指演說外,亦經常被應用於表演、創作及其他場合,如 We had an impromptu dinner party yesterday. (我們昨天臨時舉行了一場晚宴);The President gave an impromptu press conference. (總統臨時舉行記者會);She played an impromptu tune. (她演奏了一支即席創作的曲子)。