pony up; poop out; poop out on; pop in; pop off; pop out; pop up; potter about/around; pour down; pour forth

pony * up +
還 (帳),付 (錢)
I had to pony fifty dollars up for the meal.

poop out
疲憊不堪;(因精疲力竭而) 決定停止做 (某事)
I was going to write my essay, but I pooped out and went to bed instead.

poop out on +
(對某人) 爽約
We were supposed to meet yesterday, but she pooped out on me at the last minute.

pop in
作短暫訪問;短暫停留
He popped in for a coffee on his way home.

pop off
大聲地說;大聲地抱怨
He’s always popping off when things don’t suit him.

pop off
短暫外出;出去一下
He’s just popped off for a break but should be back in a few minutes.

pop out
短暫外出;出去一下
I’m just popping out to the shops. Do you need anything while I’m out?

pop up
(電腦視窗或對話方塊) 彈出
The dialogue box popped up when I pressed Enter.

pop up
突然出現;突然發生;突然來到
I’m going to have to work late tonight because something has popped up.

potter about/around (+)
慢條斯理地做事;悠哉悠哉地做事
On Saturday mornings, I potter about the garden if the weather’s fine.
I pottered around, sorting out my CDs and a few other things.

pour down
下大雨
It poured down all day so we had to remain indoors.

pour forth
大量出現;大量湧出
Useless statistics pour forth from him.

本文亦刊載在下列網址:
http://htmfiles.englishhome.org/phrasalverbs/phrasalverbs-p.htm

Q:在使用 lest…should 的句子中,should 是否可以省略?

A:可以。你只要查字典就可知道 lest…should 往往被寫成 lest… (should) — 表示 should 通常是可以省略的。其實 lest 是個非常正式的用字,且已過時 (old-fashioned),現在它只被用於非常正式的書面文件中,日常生活會話中是見不到它的蹤跡的。lest 是個連接詞,它所引導的子句是個條件句,所以這種子句中的 should 是假設語氣的 should,與一般表示「義務」(obligation) 的 should 是不一樣的,它係表示一種可能性 (possibility),而且事情發生的可能性不高。

就 “lest + S + (should) + V” 而言,我們也可使用 “for fear that + S + (should) + V” 或 “in case + S + should + V” 來表達相同的意思;這就是說,在 lest, for fear that 所引導的子句中,should 可以省略,而 in case 子句中的 should 通常不省略,但 in case 的子句可以不用假設語氣,而用陳述語氣。此外,我們還可使用 “for fear of + V-ing” 或 “in order not to + V” 來做意思相同的敘述。然而,不管是子句形式,還是片語形式,它們的意思都是「唯恐;以免」。例如:

  • Study hard lest you (should) fail in your examination. (用功讀書以免考試不及格)
  • I will not make any noise for fear that I (should/ might) disturb you. (我不會發出任何聲響以免打擾你)
  • He took his coat with him in case it should rain. (他帶著雨衣以防下雨)
  • Don’t smoke in the office lest you (should) be called down. (別在辦公室裡抽菸以免被責備)
    = Don’t smoke in the office for fear that you (should) be called down.
    = Don’t smoke in the office for fear of being called down.
    = Don’t smoke in the office in order not to be called down.

值得注意的是,在 lest 所引導的子句中,即使 should 被省略,其主詞不管是單數還是複數,動詞仍須用原形動詞,因為 should 後接原形動詞,只是它被省略罷了。例如:

  • He must work hard, lest he fails the examination. (誤)
  • He must work hard, lest he fail the examination. (正)

生死存亡;成敗攸關

英譯:
sink or swim

例句:
He has refused to give us any more help, and has left us to sink or swim by our own efforts. (他拒絕再給我們任何幫助,讓我們自找生路)

He was left by his family to sink or swim by himself. (他遭家人遺棄,生死存亡一切得靠自己)

本文亦刊載在下列網址:
http://htmfiles.englishhome.org/idioms/idioms_chinese-1.htm

Q:老美對於身高似乎有兩種說法,有人說 (例如) “I’m six foot tall”,也有人說 “I’m six feet tall”,請問哪一種說法才正確?

A:這兩句都正確,看你用在什麼情況而定。如果你是在回答別人問你的身高或是在非正式的書寫中,如在紙上簡單書寫高度、長度或距離,你可以使用 foot。但如果是正式的英文寫作,一般都用 feet — 這可能也是比較安全的寫法。所以,six foot tall 和 six feet tall 都正確。

另外要補充的是:由於歐洲使用公制單位,儘管英國目前仍普遍使用英制 (尤其是個人身高和體重以及距離),但英國人使用公制的情況越來越多。譬如說,大多數英國人現在都使用公制的公升 (litre) 來取代英制的加侖 (gallon) — 尤其柳橙汁和汽油現在大多以公升做為容量計算單位。再者,大多數英國人現在也使用攝氏 (Celsius) 來表示溫度,而不是使用華氏 (Fahrenheit)。目前仍會使用 feet 而非 metres 來表示身高的英國人,大多是年紀較大的一輩。不過,美國人都使用英制單位。

Thank you, thanks, many thanks, etc.

這幾個字詞都是表達感謝或致謝的用語。thank you 為感嘆詞 (interjection),意為「謝謝你,多謝」,其後經常接介系詞 for 來表示所感謝的事物,如 Thank you for your kind words. (感謝您的美言);Thank you very much for helping me with my homework. (非常感謝您幫我做功課)。thank you 亦可用於接受別人給予的東西時表示感謝之意,如 “Another glass of wine?” (要再來杯酒嗎?) “Oh, thank you. That would be great.” (哦,謝謝。那再好不過了)。然而,若在 thank you 的前面加上 No,則是表示「婉謝」之意。當有人要給你東西,但你並不想要時,你就可以說 “No, thank you”,如 “Would you like a cup of coffee?” (喝杯咖啡好嗎?) “No, thank you. I’ve just had one.” (不要了,謝謝。我剛喝了一杯)。此外,thank you 還可用於句末來表示堅決拒絕,如 I can lift this on my own, thank you. (我自己提得動,謝謝)。

Thank you 現在也經常拼成 thankyou 和 thank-you,前者可當名詞或形容詞用,而後者僅當形容詞用,名詞意為「感謝;致謝」,形容詞意為「感謝的;致謝的」,如 We owe Mary a special thankyou for all her help. (我們特別感謝瑪麗的大力幫忙);We said our thankyous and left. (我們道謝後就離開了);a thankyou (or thank-you) letter/note/card (感謝函/感謝便條/致謝卡)。若將 thank you 分開來看,thank 為 (及物) 動詞,其後可接代名詞、名詞或名詞片語,除 thank you 外,其中最值得一提的是 thank God/goodness/heaven(s) 和 thank one’s lucky stars 這幾個口語常用的片語。thank God/goodness/heaven(s) 意為「謝天謝地;感謝老天爺」,用來表示如釋重負,鬆了一口氣的感覺,如 “It’s OK. I’ve found the keys.” (沒事了,我找到鑰匙了) “Thank God for that.” (謝天謝地);”You son’s alive.” (你兒子還活著) “Thank heaven(s).” (感謝老天爺)。thank one’s lucky stars 意為「幸虧自己的運氣好 (才倖免於難等)」,如 We can thank our lucky stars that the rope didn’t break. (多虧我們福星高照,繩子居然沒有斷);He is thanking his lucky stars for a narrow escape. (他認為自己運氣好才能僥倖脫逃)。

Thanks 可當感嘆詞和名詞用。當感嘆詞用時,thanks 的用法與 thank you 並無不同,如 Thanks for reminding me. (謝謝你提醒了我);”Do you want a chocolate?” (您要不要吃塊巧克力?) “Thanks, I’d love one.” (謝謝,就來一塊);”How about a drink?” (喝一杯怎麼樣?) “No, thanks.” (不用,謝謝)。從上述可知,在大家再熟悉不過的 Many thanks = Thanks a lot = Thank you very much (多謝;非常感謝) 這三個片語中,第一個 thanks 是名詞,而第二個 thanks 和 thank you 都是感嘆詞。

在 thanks 的名詞用法中,除 many thanks 外,thanks to 亦相當常用;這片語意為「由於,因為」,由於其後可接表示正面或負面意義的名詞或名詞片語,因此 thanks to 兼具「多虧;幸虧;歸功於」和「歸咎於」的含意,如 Thanks to this treatment, her condition has improved. (幸虧用了這種療法,她的病情已經好轉);It was thanks to your stupidity that we lost the game. (由於你的愚蠢,我們輸掉了比賽)。thanks to 的反義詞為 no thanks to,意為「並非由於」,這是固定用語,不可寫成 not thanks to (其實,這道理很簡單,由於 thanks 是名詞,它前面的修飾語當然是用作形容詞或限定詞的 no,而不是副詞的 not),如 It was no thanks to you that we won. (我們不是因為你才贏的);At long last we made it, no thanks to you. (最後我們成功了,但並非你的功勞)。

Q:Especially men have this problem. 這句對嗎?

A:這句不合語法,請看下面的說明。大家都知道,副詞可以修飾動詞、形容詞和副詞,但其實副詞也可以修飾名詞,其中最常見和最典型的是 especially:

  • Married men and women, especially men, are likely to live longer than those who are not married. (結婚者 — 尤其是男性 — 的壽命可能比不結婚者來得長)

在上句中,副詞 especially 修飾名詞 men。然而,especially 卻不能用在句首來修飾名詞,所以問題中的句子不對。但若改成下句就對了:

  • Men, especially, have this problem. (尤其是男性都有這種問題)

順便一提的是,also 也不能用在句首修飾名詞:

  • Also men have this problem. (誤)
  • Men also have this problem. (正)

但這並不表示 also 不能放在句首,如果它的後面接個逗點就可以了。不過,此時它的意思相當於 furthermore (而且;再者):

  • Also, most women would agree.
    = Furthermore, most women would agree.

give off; give onto; give out; give over; give over to

give * off +
發出、散發出或冒出 (氣味,氣體、液體等)
The police stopped the van because it was giving off a lot of black smoke.

give * off +
擺出 (某種樣子)
She gives off an air of nobility.

give off
擴大,擴展 (事業規模等)
The company is giving off all over the country.

give onto +
(門窗等) 面向,朝向
The French windows give onto the lawn.

give * out +
分發
I earn extra money by giving out brochures on the street.
Somebody was giving leaflets out in front of the underground station.

give out
(身體部位) 出問題;(體力) 衰退;(機器) 故障,壞掉
His heart finally gave out under the strain.
I hope this car doesn’t give out in the middle of the desert.

give out
用光,用盡,耗盡
The water gave out after a week in the desert.

give * out +
公布;發佈
They gave the names of the winners out last night.

give * out +
發出、放出 (聲、光等)
The sun gives out light and heat to the earth.

give over
停止 (做某事)
They were making a lot of noise so I told them to give over.

give over
停止 (某活動)
The police told the rioters to give over.

give * over +
交付;委託
We’ve given the premises over to the new company.

give * over to
獻身於;把…獻給;專心致志於
He gave himself over to finding his son.

give * over to
移交給
After her death, they gave control of the estate over to her niece.

本文亦刊載在下列網址:
http://htmfiles.englishhome.org/phrasalverbs/phrasalverbs-g.htm

Q:(1) 如果冒號前面是個縮寫字,那麼該縮寫字還要不要使用句點 (例如:RE.: 或 ID.:)? (2) 在 John shook his head, “no”. 和 Mary nodded “yes”. 這兩句中,no 和 yes 是否要加引號?

A:關於問題 (1),我們不可把縮寫字後面的句點省略掉,除非該縮寫字是句子的最後一個字,此時該縮寫字的句點剛好做為句子結束的句點,如 My grandfather always gets up at 5 a.m. (我祖父總是在清晨 5 點起床) — “m” 後面的句點也是句子結束的句點,亦即兩者共用一個句點。但是,如果縮寫字的句點後面須用到其他標點符號,如逗點,那麼縮寫字的句點和這個逗點都要存在,如 The students were up by 5 a.m., and they gathered on the campus by five-thirty. (這些學生清晨 5 點不到就起床,5 點半之前就在校園集合完畢)。同樣的道理亦適用於冒號,如 The following steps must be accomplished before 11:30 a.m.: First, … second, … [下列步驟須在 11 點 30 分之前完成:第一 …,第二…]。不過,對於問題中所提到的 “RE” 和 “ID”,大多數的寫作者都不用表示縮寫的句點,如 The following forms can be used as a proper ID: A driver’s license, a passport, a birth certificate, … (下列證件都可用作身份證明:駕照、護照、出生證明書等)。

關於問題 (2),根據筆者查閱有關英文文體 (style) 的專書,無論搖頭表示 “no” (「不」或「不同意」) 或點頭表示 “yes” (「是」或「同意」),它們都不使用引號,而且不需要逗點,如 I am shaking my head no. (我搖點表示不同意)。

順便一提的是,冒號 [ :] 後面第一個字母要大寫,而分號 [ ;] 後面第一個字母小寫 (專有名詞除外)。

Q:”ex” 和 “former” 的使用時機:former president 還是 ex-president? former husband 還是 ex-husband? 似乎聽說 “ex” 是用於已過世的人,如 ex-president Reagan,而 “former” 則用於仍在世的人,如 former president Clinton?

A:有關「前總統」、「前董事長」、「前夫」等等的「前」,英文可以使用 ex- 或 former。根據 The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage,ex- 是口語的用法,而 former 則用於正式場合。例如,在報紙的文章中,您可能會看到某篇文章中從頭至尾都使用 former,但在標題 (headline) 或圖文 (caption) 中則使用 ex-。據瞭解,這兩個字與所指的人是否過世或仍在世無關,不過在正式場合,最好還是使用 former。

順便一提的是,當 ex- 意為 former 時,一定要使用連字號,但在 ex officio (adj. & adv. 依職權的/依職權地),ex parte (adj. & adv. 單方的;片面的/單方地;片面地),ex post factor (adj. 事後的;事後追究的;追溯既往的) 等拉丁片語中則不用連字號。

Illegible, ineligible, legible, readable, unreadable (adjs.)

Legible 和 readable 在意為「(字跡) 可以辨認的,易讀的」時是同義詞,但 legible 基本上就只有這個意思,如 His handwriting is barely legible. (他的字跡簡直認不清),而 readable 除了這意思外,還意為「讀起來有趣的;可讀的」,如 Treasure Island is very readable. (《金銀島》是一本可讀性很高的書)。所以,一份手寫的文件或一篇手寫的文章,如果因筆跡潦草、墨水褪色或諸如此類的情事而導致閱讀者無法看清楚寫什麼,那麼該文件或文章就是 illegible。倘若一份手寫的文件或一篇手寫的文章因字跡難以辨認 (illegibility) 或因內容索然無味或使用太多艱澀的字眼或標點符號錯誤百出或文章毫無意義而使人讀不下去,那麼該文件或文章就是 unreadable。

再者,當我們將 illegible (字跡無法辨認的) 和 ineligible (不合格的;沒資格的;不合適的) 或 legible 和 eligible (分別為 illegible 和 ineligible 的反義詞) 擺放在一起時,可以想像地可能會有人將「馮京」看作「馬涼」,切記不要讓這種事情發生。